Mikes Bikes Marketing Plan Essay

Executive summary: M3p bikes corporation is a bicycle manufacturing company that provides products and services to the local community of Sydney NSW. Our production plant manufactures a variety of bicycles which we sell to customers through a variety of retailers & wholesalers including bike shops, sport shops & discount stores. The main idea of the strategy is to take the middle route in regards to marketing, operations & finance. This way, we would not be lagging in any sector, and thus no other firm can take advantage of us in any sector. By marketing sure we have reputable investments in advertisement, public relations, distribution and etc, we would be able to watch the market and pounce on opportunities that may rise, while not worrying about all of our other sectors of business, that s for the very early rollovers (The introduction of mountain bike). For the next coming years we will be introducing another 2 different types of bikes, Road bike, & youth bike. Each of the 2 bikes will have its own  strategy. Our road bike product strategy will be based on high pricing, lower volume and that for the reason Road bike segment are not sensitive to price as other segments some will pay up to 2500$ for the right bike, all what customers care about in this segment is the Quality of the bike. We will not be focusing too much on advertising since this segment focus more on the advice of a sales assistance, word of mouth & Friends past experience. The youth bike segment product strategy will be based on low price, higher volume. Product has to be durable, but also relatively inexpensive while having the best image on the block. Youth Bike segment is very large, the demand for a product is determined by many factors in addition to the product attributes. These also include a focus on Advertising and distribution. All we want to make sure is that we are not lagging extremely behind in any sector, but at the same time not spread our money out in too many sectors without a focus. While maintaining a small balance, we will spend the majority of our funds in a sector such quality, so that we know that we have a great competitive edge in one area. Thus, we will be able to focus our products, lines of bikes, marketing around that one area to reduce dispersed expense. Over all, our team will do well in the industry. We will be able to maintain high sales and revenue that kept our management and staff motivated. Teamwork and morale in our firm is outstanding and we will be giving shareholders and a customer continues support. Our company is operating in a western capitalist economy with a population of approximately 15 million people. Customers are having high income and want from a particular bike to suit their individual needs. Market is separated into the three sections. The low cost Youth Bike, mid-range Mountain Bike and the high end Road bikes. Due to the very competitive market, government is regulating and prohibiting competition from other countries. Only local manufactures are able to produce, at the beginning just Mountain Bike segment, later on the rest two also. Consumers are not limited to a single market, many of them will be  purchasing multiple bikes, but all of them have specific preferences. Successful company will meet customer’s needs and maximize sales by growing the potential market size as well as taking sales from competitors. Every segment has different expectations most important things are design or style and technical specification. All products are sensitive because of life cycle and therefore needs to be modified through the years. Demand for the product is determined by many factors, like pricing, quality, advertising and distribution.   Consumers are able to choose to buy from three categories of retailers. Bike shops, sports stores and discount stores. Proportion is different for every bike. Every retailer is different with some specifications. Everything has to be combine, all the customers, retailers but also production needs. The better we could deal with this problem, the more successful the M3P bikes could be. Distribution is specific because the number of channels will decide to stock the products or not. It depends on the retail price, margin, unit sales history and also extra support.   Media are also playing very crucial role. There are 3 basic choices to advertising a product and public relations campaigns. There are television, internet and magazines.   Advertising is about raising product awareness level by running advertising campaigns. Every kind of advertising is sensible on different things. More money we are able to afford more multiple media are reach effectively. In the case of public relations, some products are more sensitive and some less. It also very important step to brand advertising. Having high brand awareness makes consumers more aware of company and more likely to buy their product. Maintaining a constant expand of branding is important in a process of gaining a loyal customer. Swot Strengths: – Ability to maintain the middle route – creating a well known international brand. – predict and utilize different advertising tools to create good product awareness. – Very efficient with our product output. – forecast sales extremely accurately – Producing high products on an affordable level – we are revolve around making sure we are not lagging behind in any major sector of our business so that other firms would be able to take advantage of us. Weakness – very high expenses on advertising and promotion, distribution & quality – Limited budgets Opportunities – opportunities lie within the branding bracket – continue to create a brand that is well known for quality and price. – continue to grow rapidly as a competitive force within the cycling industry. – Following the best distribution channels for every bike. – Following the safe side trying our best for not putting any debts, so we keep in control of our expenses for a certain point. Threats – threats come from our main competitors. – must continue to compete with the firms in price, quality & distribution. Vision: M3p bikes are dedicated to providing quality products and services to our valued customers at affordable prices. Mission statement: Provide quality and affordable products, Put customers first, Increase profits, m3p bikes is a manufacturer committed to make FUN affordable for everyone. We are committed to not only the sport of cycling, but the Joy that a long ride bike can bring. We spark healthy living family bonds in our community by having the most affordable prices and ensuring top-notch customer satisfaction. We make certain that everyone who buys one of our cycles also receives a basic safety guide. Above all else we here at m3p bikes believe in good, clean active fun. Values: Focus on customers, Social responsibility, Integrity, Teamwork, Opportunity and issue analysis * Mantain a brand that is well known for quality and price: M3p Bikes has the increasingly developed infrastructure for bicycles. * Rapidly grown as a competitive force within the cycling industry: While the bicycle industry is affected to some degree by the circular nature of the economy, bicycle and accessory sales never fall completely flat since there are many people that ride bikes regardless if it is economic boom or bust. * Competitors: There are another 6 companies competing the market with M3p Bikes. Key of success: * Reliability. * Convenience. * Unbeatable selection of quality. * Outstanding customer service. Critical Issues: M3p Bikes is still in the speculative stages as a start-up organization. The critical issues that it faces are: * The need to take a conservative approach to expansion. Expansion must not occur for the sake of growth in itself, but should occur because the customers will be better served. * Continue to build brand awareness, driving customers to M3p Bikes. * Maintain good relationships with suppliers. Goals & objectives Goals are the milestones by which achievement of the purpose statement are measured. The Goals also represent the vision for the company system in the future. In order to implement the purpose of the M3p Bikes Plan, the following goals are/will be established: 1. Mantain the high quality of sales and services that M3p Bikes is known for. 2. Maintain a financially healthy business and validate the trust and advocacy of other people in support of this business purchase. 3. Develop bicyclist safety Achieve monthly and yearly sales better than the previous year under the former owner. Focus marketing on our high quality to maintain current growth in sales and service revenue. General information about, Segmentation, targeting, strategies & marketing mix: Marketing Strategy * Promotional campaign: M3P Bikes will be visible at the two major industry trade shows. 75% of the retail bicycle shops attend at least one trade show a year. The shows provide retailers an opportunity to view upcoming products and chat with representatives from the companies as well place pre-season orders. This  campaign will also encourage retailers to stock and promote our bikes. We will provide them a small percentage of profit for that. Extra support is useful to achieve short term boost in distribution coverage as our product is new in market. We are offering discounts, brochures, trials to attract customers. Target market Bikes are such kind of transport system that can be used by all kind of people. we got 3 different kinds of bikes. In 1st year we are only focusing on mountain bikes. After 2 or 3 years of our company we are going to launch bikes in the market such as, Road bikes and Youth bikes. We have different target markets for these different kinds of bikes.

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s

The Scarlet Letter, various characters demonstrate sacrifice for what they value. The act of sacrifice is seen commonly in the book, especially with Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth, along with their interactions with each other. The story begins with Hester Prynne with her daughter Pearl and a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her breast. Roger Chillingworth, a doctor and Hester's husband, comes to town and learns of Hester having an affair while he was away in England. As she is publicly shamed for not revealing the identity of her lover, Chillingworth is now intent on revenge against that man. Years later, Hester is still shunned as she finds a job in needle-working and Pearl grows to be a mischievous child. After finding out that city officials plan to take Pearl away, Hester calls upon Arthur Dimmesdale, a frail, young minister to convince them otherwise. Chillingworth takes interest, and moves in with him as Dimmesdale's personal physician, and begins to pry open his character. As the minister's condition becomes increasingly worse, Hester meets with him and decides to run away to Europe where they can start over and live as a family with Pearl. On the day of the departure, Dimmesdale delivers a final speech and confesses to his affair with Hester, then dies. Chillingworth dies a year later, Hester returns years later, and Pearl is married to an aristocrat with a family. The act of sacrifice is evident in Hester Prynne with her endurance of public shamings and being a societal outcast to defend the integrity of Arthur Dimmesdale. Prynne felt that â€Å"the sacrifice of the clergyman's good name, and death itself† (Hawthorne 174) would have been better than lying about the identity of Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. Regardless, Hester chose to save the minister's reputation and in turn, was humiliated and isolated from society. However, this choice would eventually cause anguish and suffering for Dimmesdale and later, his death. The narrator also states everyone â€Å"had frowned on her,—for seven long years had it frowned upon this lonely woman,—and still she bore it all† (175-176). Hester's sacrifice is made clear as she bears the scarlet letter and becomes an outcast for seven long years. She is constantly shamed as seen by her public humiliation, and neither her or Pearl can live a normal life as a result. After years of living like this, Hester realizes what she perceives as her mistake, and goes to meet with Chillingworth and Dimmesdale to settle their complex situation. Throughout the text, Roger Chillingworth has also sacrificed much, namely his old life as a scholar in order to enact revenge. Hester notices that Chillingworth's â€Å"aspect of an intellectual and studious man† had disappeared and was replaced with a â€Å"blackness†¦ a glare of red light out of his eyes, as if the old man's soul were on fire† (153). The doctor's old, scholarly personality has vanished as a result of his intent of revenge shortly after arriving in town. Thirsty for revenge, he preyed on Dimmesdale and torment him by exploring his secrets, and investigating his character. Chillingworth's hatred would turn him to be a cold and cruel man, being seen as â€Å"transforming himself into a Devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a Devil's office† (153). Chillingworth stuck to the minister almost to the point of addiction, unraveling and torturing him to such an extent, his work is compared to that of the Devil. Roger had sacrificed his old personality and life, to the point of taking on a new identity, that the only value he saw in life was taking revenge on Dimmesdale. By pursuing his dream of vengeance , Chillingworth drives both himself and Dimmesdale to the edge of madness, eventually distorting his own soul and leading to the minister's act of flagellation before causing both their deaths. Arthur Dimmesdale also displays sacrifice, most notably near the end of the text, by confessing and relinquishing his priestly position to stand with his family for the first and last time. As the minister stands on the scaffold, he calls out to Hester and Pearl, stating that he will do what he â€Å"withheld [himself] from doing seven years ago† (226) and for Hester to â€Å"support [him] up yonder scaffold† (226). In his final hour, Arthur decides to sacrifice his saintly appearance to the town in order to repent to everyone of his sin. The minister realizes his position with his family after his encounter with Hester in the forest, and gives up his life as a preacher. Chillingworth tries to plead with his victim and begs â€Å"Do not blacken your fame, and perish in dishonor!† (225) and desperately asks â€Å"Would you bring infamy on your sacred profession?† (225). Chillingworth attempts to stop the minister from confessing are futile as Dimmesdale knows exactly what he's giving up to be with his family. The townspeople cannot agree of what they saw that day, but Dimmesdale and his sacrifice allows the townspeople to realize that anyone can be sinful, later sharing a grave with Hester with a scarlet letter on the headstone.

Anglo-Saxon Ideologies And Customary Practices By Pagans

Anglo-Saxon Ideologies And Customary Practices By Pagans The poem Beowulf was written between the 8th and 10th centuries, a time of great transition. Anglo-Saxons still dominated England, and Christianity had only come to the region one hundred or so years before. Although the new religion spread quickly, Anglo-Saxon (or Norse) paganism and its influence in the English peoples lives did not subside quickly. Although Beowulf often speaks of God, the story of Cain and Abel, and the Great Flood, there are major pagan motifs and social interactions that underly the poem and keep it rooted in old Anglo-Saxon ideas. The poem synthesizes Christian and pagan beliefs, and a close reading shows that there are many more pagan elements than immediately obvious. More than Christianity, paganism is the social basis for the society Beowulf addresses. Some elements of Christianity are obvious in this poem. Grendel is said to have descended from Cain, Adam and Eve’s fratricidal son in the Book of Genesis (Heaney, 9), and the poem makes frequent references to thanking God for bestowing victory upon Beowulf. However, as Beowulf scholar Benjamin Slade points out in his talk comparing the Christian and pagan elements of the story, the poet never names Christ explicitly. After his defeat of Grendel, Beowulf calls for the â€Å"Almighty Father be thanked† (Heaney, 63). Yet as Slade points out, giving thanks to God and making references to divine blessings and judgment after death are not at all exclusive to Christian theology. Beowulf contains very little talk of Christs teaching of salvation and forgiveness, and there is almost an exclusively â€Å"Old Testament† feel to the poem’s Christian elements. An interesting point where Christianity and paganism cross in the story is the mention of a â€Å"great flood† depicted on the hilt of a sword (Heaney, 117). Indeed, there is talk of a great flood in Genesis, but Slade correctly observes that the flood described in the poem â€Å"makes no reference to Noah, or an ark, or the effect of the flood on anyone except the giants.† A flood killing many giants, however, is not exclusive to Christianity, but is also mentioned in the pagan story of Ymir in which the giants blood floods the world and kills all the other giants. Thus, it seems that the author blended two traditions into one poetic element in a very ambiguous way. One of the major pagan elements that is common across the story is the idea of Fate. Fate was an integral part of Anglo-Saxon and Norse theology, and the Anglo-Saxon society from which Beowulf sprang (and the Norse societies to which the poem speaks) still placed a great deal of trust in it. Fate is what leads King Hygelac to his death in battle (Heaney, 85) and is what leads to Grendel’s death – not simply the will of God. Just as much talk as there is of Gods grace and will, there is talk of destiny and divine inevitability. Even in his final moments, Beowulf speaks of his death and his past glories as being part of his fate. As the poems hero says before fighting Grendel: â€Å"Fate goes as ever Fate must† (Heaney, 31). Another pagan social ideal central to the poem is the concept of the feud or duel. In Anglo-Saxon and Norse society, the holmgang – the traditional duel for settling disputes of honor – was considered very important to maintain the balance of social harmony (Day). For Hrothgar, the King of the Danes, the need to slay Grendel is not just from a need to protect his kingdom, but to avenge the destruction of his hall at Heorot and the death of his thanes (retainers) at the hands of Grendel (Heaney, 9-11). Even the demonic mother of Grendel seems bound by this code, when she seeks revenge for the death of her son at the hands of Beowulf and his cohorts (Heaney, 89). The Christian ideal of loving ones enemies and â€Å"turning the other cheek† seems clearly absent for the heroes in Beowulf, who seem to be bound by the need to maintain the balance of honor by feuding between various sections of society (Day). The poems hero sums up clearly the Nordic idea of the importa nce of the feud, in saying â€Å"It is always better to avenge dear ones than to indulge in mourning† (Heaney, 97). The most critical remnant of Anglo-Saxon pagan social relations within Beowulf is the aforementioned concept of honor. In slaying Grendel, it is just as important that Beowulf gained a great deal of honor for himself and the Geatish people as it was for him to defend the Danes from Grendel and the monster’s mother. King Hrothgar speaks clearly of family honor, an dits importance to society, within his family and Beowulfs family after Grendels death (Heaney 83-85). Even at the end of his life, Beowulf is not concerned about salvation or accession into Heaven, but instead is more concerned with having fulfilled an honorable life that is worthy of posthumous prestige (Heaney 189, 213). His death is an explicitly pagan one, with a traditional cremation on a funeral pyre bedecked with gold and treasures, rather than the simple Christian burial rites of the time (which were more concerned with the glories and riches awaiting the dead in Heaven, not their earthly possessions). Although the poet that put Beowulf to paper was almost certainly a Christian, the society that he inhabited was not completely Christianized itself, and the content and social interactions within the poem make this quite clear. While there is much talk of God, Cain and Abel, and divine rewards, there is never a specific mention of these things being exclusively Christian elements of the story. For Beowulf, honor and prestige are far more important than enacting Gods will or achieving salvation after death, even at the end of his life. Thus, one cannot say that Beowulf is a Christian poem, but a tale that grew out of a society in transition from pagan to Christian. WORKS CITED: Slade, Benjamin. â€Å"à ¾rym gefrunon, helle gemundon: Indogermanic shruti and Christian smriti in the Epistemology of Beowulf.† paper given [in absentia] at 38th International Congress on Medieval Studies. Kalamazoo (Michigan), 2003. Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. Day, David. â€Å"Hwanan sio faeho aras: Defining the Feud in Beowulf†. Philological Quarterly, Winter 1999, 78:77-95.

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Primate Evolution Essay Example for Free

Primate Evolution Essay The theory of evolution began when man first noted his distinct similarity to apes. The possibility of a common ancester with the modern apes had been discussed since the mid 1800’s, but it wasn’t until Charles Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species in 1859, that the idea was considered legitimate. Since that time, fossil records have helped us to deliniate and define our evolutionary history and to describe the many human-like species that have lived on the earth over the last 8 million years. Charles Darwin studied a population of finches that had been isolated on the Galapogos Islands, and described the theory of natural selection, whereby over time, each finch had changed in ways that made it more successful in a particular niche. He observed fourteen different species of finches, all who were very similar, except for the size and shapes of their beaks. He noted how each type of beak was shaped very specifically for the type of food the bird ate and explained that the changes were due to the natural selection of the characteristics in a species that made it more successful at obtaining food and at reproducing. If a finch with a slightly longer beak was more efficient at eating termites from holes in trees, he would survive longer and reproduce more than his short beaked counterparts who ate termites. His offspring that inherited his slightly longer beak would also survive longer and reproduce more. Over time, the longer beaked finches would be more prolific than the shorter beaked version within that particular niche and the adaptation would flourish while the shorter beaked finches would die out. Eventually, speciation occured (the development into reproductively separate species), as the termite eaters with longer beaks became more distinctly separate within their environment and became reproductively isolated. This gradual change of a segment of a population into reproductively different species, in response to an environmental pressure (competition) for survival factors is called adaptive radiation. Although Darwin mentioned nothing about human evolution in his first book, his science minded peers were able to understand how his theory applied to humans. Initially there was much debate by the general population over the idea that humans could have evolved from the same lineage as an ape, but by 1870s, the scientific community had already come to the general conclusion that a fossil record would be found in Africa, where our great ape relatives were found. In the 1920’s, as predicted, Raymond Dart found bones from Australopithecus africanus, a hominid who lived between 2-3 million years ago in the Pliocene Era. They were discovered in a cave in Africa. From the skeletal structure he was able to determine that the specimen was bipedal; a defining trait of humans, and the size of its braincase was between that of modern humans and apes. Since that time, paleoanthropologists have been able to trace the evolutionary history of the primates including hominids, for some 85 million years and can determine many facts about their lifestyle through the study of fossils and other artifacts (O’Neal, 2006). There is not a complete record, and although paleoanthropologists have presented us with many pieces of the puzzle, we do not know exactly how man evolved into the species we are today. Some researchers have speculated that many of our developed traits were due to adaptations for an aboreal life. The premise of this idea is that as angiosperms became prevailant, an overlapping canopy developed that allowed cross movement from tree to tree. The canopy was a niche that had little competition and provided advantages for primates. Over time and through natural selection, primates took to the trees. They developed opposable thumbs and short finger nailed, grasping hands for holding onto branches, binocular vision for depth perception, and more complex brains to be able to better deal with balance and complex navigation (Simons, 1992). The difficulty with this idea is determining why, since there are other aboreal animals without these characteristics, primates developed them. There had to be some other factors that added the pressure for choice of these characteristics in primates. A primary characteristic of hominids is bipedalism. We likely developed from a chimpanzee-like, knuckle walking ancestor. The reason for the change from using all four limbs for locomotion to standing upright, on two limbs is unknown. There are several theories that focus on environmental conditions as being the motivating factor. One such theory is called the Savannah Hypothesis which proposes that due to drier conditions, the African forests thinned and disapeared. Bipedalism developed both as an adaptation to facilitate movement across the grasslands and as a way to give early hominids use of their hands for food cultivation and tool use since they were no longer needed for locomotion (Simons, 1992). The pressures that fuel evolutionary trends are those that are required for the species improved survival. We immediately think of food and shelter, but perhaps the most critical in insuring the continuation of a species is reproductive strategy. Primate reproductive strategies today include those that are monogmous (one male and one female), those that are polygynous (one male and multiple females), those that are polandrous (one female, multiple males), and those that are promiscuous (multiple males, multiple females). Eighty percent of primates practice polygyny, eighteen percent practice monogomy, with polandry seen only in some of the Callitrichids, the marmosets and tamarins, and promiscuity seen in chimps. The evolution of polygyny can be easily rationalized. In polygynous strategies, the egg has a high energy cost and the female puts her energy into childcare. Males may help with childcare as well, but females have a long period of gestation and then a period of lactation, so childcare is their primary focus. Females must focus also on food, not only for themselves, but for their offspring, whether directly or as an energy source for lactation. Therefore, female primates will naturally search for food sources. It is advantageous for females to congregate for childcare, for shared food sources and for safety. Reproductive success for a female primate is through the focused care of each individual offspring. Males do not have the same enforced biological costs throughout the reproductive process. Sperm are easily produced in large quantities at a low energy cost. Reproductive success for males is through the number off offspring he can produce. Under these circumstances, polygyny is the most efficient reproductive strategy for species survival (O’Neal, 2006). Mongomous primates have a different environment. Monogomy is driven by the spacial arrangements of females or when the male’s role in childcare is critical. When females do not gather, it is logistically not feasible for the male to obtain additional mates. Gibbon females will not tolerate another female in her claimed territory. The males might have the tendancy toward polygyny, but the females won’t allow it. Monogomy in tamarins is necessary because of the relative size of the offspring to parent size. The young, although still dependent on parental care, quickly grow to near adult size. It is nearly impossible for a single female to raise her offspring alone. Although reproductive strategy is varied among primates, each species’ tendancy is based on the evolutionary pressure for their survival and success. Recent fossil discoveries have been able to describe an evolutionary history that dates back as far as 4. million years ago to the Autraliopitecines. An almost complete skeleton was found in 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia and adopted the name Lucy. This was the first human –like homonid. Lucy was bi pedal and had a large brain for her body size of 48 inches. Since that time, other fossils of Australopitecines have been uncovered, but Lucy remains the most complete, and is the standard for the species (Primate Info Net, 2008). Homo habilis is thought to have descended directly from a species of Australopithecine hominid and lived from approximately 2. 2 to 1. million years ago. Fossils found in Tanzania in 1962 by Louis and Mary Leakey show that Homo habilis was short and had long arms, like the Australipithecines, but had a decrease in facial protrusion, giving it a more human-like appearance. They used rudimentary tools in their hunting and gathering (Primate Info Net, 2008). Homo erectus had a larger brain case than Homo habilis and stood slightly more erect. They also had more sophisticated tools that were able to cut and slice. They had discovered the use of fire and were the first actual hunter-gatherer society. They lived approximately 2. 2 to 1. 1 million years ago and were the first to leave Africa and travel throughout the Great Rift Valley (Primate Info Net, 2008). . Homo sapiens archaic or Neanderthal Man inhabited Europe and parts of Asia approximately 1. 2 million years ago. They were a fairly sophisticated society. They buried their dead, had fire, ate meat and had modern tools like hand axes and knives. They were adapted to a colder climate with short, robust statures and large noses. Their brain capacity was greater than modern humans and they had language. There were probably only about 10,000 Neanderthals and they slowly disappeared as modern man, Homo sapiens sapiens began to appear 200,000 years ago (Primate Info Net, 2008). . Throughout man’s evolutionary history there has been a trend toward greater intelligence, mobility and refined physical and mental control. We are evolving each day towards a better version of ourselves. Are we the final model? Or will we eventually be replaced by a more efficient, successful hominid? In all likelihood, we will.

GPRS navigator Essay Example for Free

GPRS navigator Essay Living for them is not the scenario but they have to earn a handsome income so that they can have nice bread and butter. Crime is not a thing which is always present in the blood of a person; sometimes the situation rams a person to do such crime. Many of you don’t even understand the basic definition of crime, crime is an evil act and it is very much punishable under law. Crime is not punishable under the law especially when the crime is committed in an act of self-defense. As said earlier, sometimes people are forced to take such a step to complete or accomplish the needs of the person itself and also the fellow family members. During the prosecution of a person for any type of crime, the reason for committing such crime is also taken under consideration. Now days some people commit crime in order to satisfy their needs, such as rape cases, cannibalism etc. Cannibalism is one of the crimes which can disturb the state of society. In cannibalism, a person starts eating human flesh itself. But, in this very section we have to discuss on the case of robbery which was committed by person whose main interests were playing sports which could involve many people. He only had elementary education along with few years in high school. His monthly income was very low. He was a middle aged person with a wife and children to be looked after. He was spending his livelihood in a rented house and had a semi-skilled line of work, i. e. a work of a laborer. He started living in a society to understand the term society and wanted to integrate. He knew many people in the society, and then suddenly he had to collect $4000 to pay the house rent. There were only two ways through which he could get the money, one way was to borrow from someone or the second way was to adopt the path of a criminal. In that he had two options either to supply drugs or sell stolen items. He decided to follow the path of a criminal, but in that too there were two possible ways. The option to supply drugs was very dangerous as money earned from it was very less and chances of getting caught was more but the other option which was selling of stolen goods was much better as the risk was much lesser and also the money which could be earned was more. Then he finds a friend which could help him in finding such people who buy stolen cars and then they make a list of the cars which were in demand. Then he made a list of the cars which could be easily stolen and do not have GPRS navigator or alarms. Then started the planning process in which his would help in jacking the car and helping him in taking the car. He decided to divide the money between his friend and him. Then due to his good communication skill and knowledge he started the process of stealing. He spotted a location of the car and checked the amount of risk associated with the crime, and then with the help of his friend he succeeded in jacking a car and taking to a neighboring community where he could possibly dispose off the car. He came through with the situation and earned a handsome amount of $6000, but the amount was achievable only when he could deliver another car. Then after assuring the presence of his in the next incidental, he started the planning of one more robbery in which there were less chances of being caught and the act could be carried out without any carry-on. He advanced into the next incident by finding a car which could be easily stolen and also the risk was minus. Then with the help of his fellow friend, he jacked the car and carried out the process which was against the law. He finally succeeded in selling the car and with this he earned again bounteously. With the proper execution of this act he earned an amount of $4000. Then as decided they distributed the money which they earned which was $10000, so they both earned an amount of $5000 each which was sufficient to satisfy the need of the person which was of $4000. He made the amount which was needed by him in a very less time. How can someone assure me that he will not take the same path when he is again in need of the money? Now, it is the time to learn the steps of robbery which he did to properly execute the robbery. Are you really interested? If yes, then also don’t take such a path. But I must tell you what are the skills he possessed and which are needed to perform such crime. He was already conversant with the community and also with the roads around which helped him. He had an idea of the path ways of illegal trade around and by getting to know the people who are involved he started making the gasp of the act. Then he started burglarizing the cars rather than going for simple mainstream crimes. Then gathering information of such cars which could be easily stolen and do not have GPS navigator or alarms, made him analyze the cars which were ready to be stole. Due to his command over communication skills he succeeded in getting contacts of the people who were ready to buy the stolen car and also helped him in finding a friend which could help him in carrying out the robbery as he was a car thief. Then he persuaded the dealers for a handsome amount on each robbery due to his winning over power. He then arranged some of the tools which were required for the robbery to be successfully carried out, in which he had assistance of his friend who was himself a genius in the business and knew how to quickly jack a car. Then starting he car could not be done by him if his friend would not have helped and with good handsome for each act, he was successful in accomplishing a task which was not very easy for an experienced man as well. Getting two people which could him a handsome amount for he act and also getting two cars in a span of just two days, with a very little risk of being caught also indicated the luck in his favour. But the risk increases as the serial number of the incident increases, but he still superintended the act very smartly the next day as well. This helped him in paying his debts which were the actual cause of making such a man to do such act which was actually against the law. Money and its immediate need force many people in such a direction which they very well know, that the path is not appropriate and the end results could be legal injury. This is such a kind of path which always have a inlet to allow people to enter into such a business any time, but only few succeeds in finding the outlet of this path, i. e. it is very easy to adopt this path of legal injury, but it is very difficult to get out of it almost next to impossible (only few finds a way to pass through the walls of crime). Now, it is the time to analyze what steps the police officials would possibly take to control such a situation of crime in the city. It has always been very easy for the police officials to take a control of such acts of crime in the city as in such cases there is always a possibility of evidence left behind by the criminal. In such criminal acts, the best possible way to conquer is by following the evidences which are available after the crime is successfully accomplished. The officials must always look through the point of view of a thief in order to successfully succeed in catching the thieves. They must always think that which could be the next place where the thieves would find a great deal of their business material and also a place from where these thieves could easily run away if officials would attack them. Then the police officials must look for a pattern (if exist), as in most of the high profile robberies there is link which connect all the robberies as they are pre planned. It also on the other hand very difficult to find the thieves, if there is not much evidence in the past incidents and the criminals stop their activity for some time. This situation is a self explanatory situation, as you have no evidence and there is no incident preceding to provide a hint for the next possible event and hence making it impossible for the police officials to get hold of the criminals. The criminals can only be caught, if there is a systematic procedure opted by the police officials and also they must consider each and every fact which could possibly help them to catch the criminals. By such systematic approach, proper execution of the plan with the proper support as a team can only lead to the success which the police officials are looking for and which is watching the criminals stand behind the bars. Now, I would like to give the information about one more crime which I read on internet and really one of the crimes which would affect you mentally. It is a crime which was going on from months and the police officials were not actually thinking this way, by this I mean the situation which was revealed after the interrogation of the police officials. This is an incident which all started with the kidnapping of a small child about four to five years old. Then the parents of the child reported this missing to the police officials and immediately the police officials started working on this matter. But after several days of sleepless nights the officials ended up with no clue to what actually happened to the child and where the child was. Then suddenly, one more parent came running to the police officials to report on more missing of their child who was again four to five years old. This report messed up the situation more for the police officials. This made the police officials to restart the investigation from the scratch. But again in the end there was not even single evidence with the police officials and this made the situation worst for the police officials. But, then a sequence of kidnapping started in the city where children of age group four to eight were kidnapped and there was not even single evidence with the police officials which could make things easy and simple for the police officials. This all carried for about a span of six months, when a ray of hope stroked in the favour of the police officials and there was a case which was registered, not in the police department but in the local sewage department as there was lot of smell which was coming from the drainage which was associated with a house, which was taken by a person where he could make a nursing home for small children who are homeless. Then the local authorities responded to the situation very quickly as it was disturbing the atmosphere. The smell which was coming out of the drainage was very unusual and being an unusual smell, it was disturbing the people a lot and made them to lodge a complain for it. When the local authorities started the process of digging the drainage, then initially everything went on nicely and smoothly. But as they proceeded one of the shocking incidents came to the notice of the police officials and also to the people who were residing in the same locality. It made the police to think on and on as nothing of such sort had ever taken place in the city as well as in the country. What could be the possible crime Can u think or imagine Wait, I will tell you. The incident actually started when the first missing report was launched about six months back and the same process continued until now. The person who was the owner of the house, which was meant for homeless children, was actually the kidnapper who was kidnapping children from various parts of the city. His motive was not actually which you all are thinking off, this case was not as simple as it seems. His motive was not extortion as he was himself very rich. So, what was the case all about Now, it is the time for you all to know what was the crime all about. The crime actually was done by the person to meet his sexual need. He used to rape each and every child, and then he used to kill them and put them in the sewage which was attached to his house. Could you possibly imagine a rape of a four to five year child by a forty year old man? I know what your answer is and possibly the same reply I too have, i. e. NO. It is actually very difficult for a human to analyze such a criminal act. The person then went missing and the police officials started their investigation for which Special Forces were also used in order to get assistance and then after some days, the man was caught in a city which was about 500 kilometers away from the city where the crime took place. The man was beaten by the local people for his act which was simply inhuman and then in the end he was sentenced to death by the court. Is it sufficient to give death sentence to such a person From the point of view of a normal citizen, the answer would be no but from the point of view of a court; this is the highest punishment which they can give to any criminal. Hence, from my point of view there should be made a change in the law and also the constitution, where such people make the life of a normal citizen a living hell by committing crime and then in the end, they are sentenced to death. But what about those people who are actually the victim of such crimes and have to live with such a horrifying reality throughout their life. This is a real incident to which the crime was known to the person and the police did not take the proper action. This is an incident which took place in my near by location. The person is a male of not more than fourteen years of age or a teenagers, he has five more friends who are involved in such an operation. The person wants to earn a livelihood or handsome money which could lead him a sum amount for his actions to take place. He always wants to have good food or some thing like that but no one could understand what was in his mind. The person had stolen the bike, this was a series of misery as day by day the crime was helding his hands high and the security could not get catch hold of them. Now what was going on in the mind of the thief that he wants to earn a handsome amount of money so that he can earn his entire livelihood? But now as the series was going the security was made tight but then also he did not stop or rather no one was able to stop him. Now the action did not took place for a month but suddenly the person whose bike was lost caught hold of them. The bike was stolen from the basement, the boy had parked his bike in the basement and went up to his house for some work when he came back somebody had broken the lock of the bike and had started off to take it. Now the bike was taken away from the location or the community was he was living. The person lodged a complain in the police station but no action was taken but instead the police told them to give the names of the person who were involved in the operation. Later on, on the very next day the person saw his bike and again went to the police station to tell them that he had seen his bike again in the community near by. The police said the same statement as said earlier. The person could not get a satisfaction but then also he didn’t give up. H got the names of the person involved in the crime and gave it to the police but then they told him to get hold of them and hand over them to the police. Now you can imagine that what would be the status of the person at that time. Now what is the person at that phrase of time? He could not get the things back but now he can not trust the police any more. Now what was the very next operation or the crime to take place which can be taken place? The person of such a small age can get through what he was doing so or the police can take some action which can be involved in such a case where the person can be trapped and he can held his crime. The robbery or other sought of crime can never be cut short but not a strict action can take place where they can easily get hold of them. But if police can not prove that they are with the local people, they have to be every time alert about the crime. The police and the local people along with the security can make or catch hold of such type of crime and every person can make there things secure by passing the loot affairs in your premises. The security alarms and GPS tracking system of such a thing can be added to your set of place and things. Your place and items are not a single set of things which can secure your items. They grabbed the opportunity and manage to take it without being caught once again. References 1. CRIMINAL LAW. 2. MERCHANTILE LAW. 3. GOOGLE 4. BUSINESS LAW.

Implementing Alternative Sources of Energy

Implementing Alternative Sources of Energy Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction Hotels constitute a key element of the organized chain of activity in the travel and tourism industry, and occupy a crucial place in concerns over environmental protection related to tourism and travel. The hotel industry, because of the nature of its functions, characteristics, and services, consumes substantial quantities of energy, water, and non-durable products. It has been estimated that most environmental impacts created by the hotel industry can be attributed to site planning and facility management; excessive consumption of local and imported non-durable goods, energy, and water; and emissions into the air, water, and soil (APAT 2002; Mensah 2004; Trung and Kumar 2005). 1.1 Problem Statement Integration of renewable energy sources into hotel operations is perceived as the most promising form of crisis mitigation. There are two types of energy: renewable which is infinite and non-renewable which will run out in the future. Alternative energy includes wood or biomass, wind energy, solar energy, fusion and hydropower. Non-renewable energy includes fossil fuels, coal, geothermal power and nuclear fission. Even if with many promising alternative energy sources, hoteliers remember that conservation is the key to efficient energy use, no matter what the source of the energy may be. Energy consumption in hotels is among the highest in the non-residential building sector in absolute values. Available specific information on the energy characteristics, thermal performance, energy losses, electric loads, and comfort conditions play significant role for the sustainable development of hotels systems. During the past years, there has been rising interest, there has been increasing int erest, in the use of the concept of energy. The use of renewable sources in energy production with the need to promote sustainable tourism, provide energy-based amenities for tourists, and ensure environmental protection, and it focuses on solar power, wind power, the power of running water and biomass, the power of biofuel for motor vehicles, and biothermal energy. We are in an alarming situation in Mauritius whereby there is an increase in the arrival of tourist. The hotels sector has expand a lot with new hotels constructed. Moreover, due to that increase of tourist in hotel meaning that there is indirectly and directly an increase in the level of energy consumption. The increase in the energy consumed is having an impact upon the environment, hence hoteliers are now trying to find a solution to prevent environmental degradation. There is a need in using alternative source of energy in order to reduce their consumption and also to reduce their cost. Aims Objective of Study The aim is to analyse the alternative source of energy use in hotels and how it can be implemented with the following objectives: To analyse to which extent hotels are aware of alternative energy Assessing the alternative source of energy of hotels To assess how far the hotels are ready to implement alternative source of energy Evaluate the barriers in implementing alternative energy in hotel CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In light of global climate change, issues of energy consumption in the international tourism industry have been receiving increased attention. In recent years, the tourism literature has increasingly recognized energy as an important issue. In particular, G à ¶ ssling et al (2005, p. 418) state: ‘ the use of fossil fuels and related emissions of greenhouse gases is, from a global point of view, the most pressing environmental problem related to tourism. The hotel sector has also been recognized as a key contributor of greenhouse gas emissions ( Warnken et al , 2004 ; Becken, 2005 ; Scott et al , 2007 ), research such as that conducted by Becken (2005) suggests that this has not typically been a major environmental concern for   tourism stakeholders. Moreover, a major concern among the hoteliers are to adapt new strategies in implementing alternative sources of energy which will help in reducing their consumption of the actual energy which is relatively high and costly. As su ch, Becken (2005) argues that energy has not been a major environmental concern for tourism stakeholders. 2.1 Consumption of energy by the Hotel Sector Energy has long been considered a component of environmental sustainability in tourism. For example, the environmental sustainability principle of the International Ecotourism Standard specifies that ecotourism products should minimize energy consumption, maximize energy efficiency, and implement procedures to train staff and provide relevant information to guests   ( Green Globe, 2004 ). Hotels are among the most energy-intensive compo ­nents of the tourism industry, representing essential tourist services and an important source of employment. As such In tourisms early stage, most of the energy was used to provide lighting inside and around buildings, and to provide heating. Energy was also used in storing and preserving foodstuffs, preparing and serving food, and for sanitary purposes (for bathroom facilities, laundries). Recently, the consumption of energy used in air-conditioning or for the needs of various auxiliary facilities (swimming pools, saunas, lounges) has grown con siderably. About one third of all energy consumed is used in guest rooms (30 percent of total consumption of electricity, 36 per cent of total energy used in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning, and 34 per cent of total water consumption). In this situation Energy is a key precondition to tourism processes. At a final-product level, electrical energy and heat power are the forms of energy most commonly used, while mechanical energy and solar and wind power are used substantially less. 2.2 Energy sources All other forms of energy belonging to the second group are nonrenewable: fossil fuel (coal, crude oil and natural gas), nuclear power, the Earths internal heat energy released on its surface (hot springs), the Earths internal heat energy that is renewed in its interior through the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium, and light atoms that are needed for fusion to take place. These nonrenewable forms are finite energy sources, and their duration depends upon the intensity with which they are exploited. Coal is the primary energy source of fossil fuels, and its combustion releases great quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. From an ecological viewpoint, this represents the pivotal problem of using fossil fuels, because CO2 and other emissions impact on the environment and pollute the atmosphere through greenhouse gasses. At the same time, the era of cheap fossil fuel has come to an end, and newly awoken concerns about fossil fuel security have further made dependency on them less desirable. In addition, the mean annual temperatures are predicted to rise in the order of 1.20-7.07à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ ¦C between 2070 and 2099, further exacerbating the problem (Mimura et al. 2007). The prevalence of fossil-fuel generated power and the (still) marginal utilisation of renewable energy resources translate into significant emissions of particulates, nitrogen and sulphur oxides and other air pollutants, both locally and globally. Secondary pollution in the form of acid rain causes the acidification of lakes and soils, with negative effects on flora and fauna, human health and man-made structures and products. The decades of cheap fossil fuel did little to help promote the technology and subsequently it was not until the late 1990s that renewable International Journal of Sustainable Energy 95 energy gained new momen tum in the energy agendas of local governments and international organisations alike. The four principal strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in accommodations include: reducing overall energy use, improving energy effi ciency, increasing the use of alternative energy sources and offsetting emissions through the development of renewable energy projects or the planting of trees to act as carbon sinks ( Ãâ€" n à ¼ t and Soner, 2006 ; Becken and Hay, 2007 ; Dalton et al , 2007 ; Scott et al , 2007 ;UNWTO, 2007a ). 2.3 Alternative sources of energy 2.3.1 A solar thermal collector A solar thermal collector is a solar collector considered to bring together heat by absorbing sunlight. The word is useful to solar hot water panels, but can also be used to denote more difficult installations like solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or easier installations such as solar air heat. The more multifaceted collectors are normally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to fabricate steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental room heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a tool for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more functional or storable form. The energy in sunlight is in the form of electromagnetic radiation from the infrared (long) to the ultraviolet (short) wavelengths. The solar power striking the Earths surface depends on weather conditions, as well as location and direction of the surface, but in general it averages about 1,000 watts per square meter under lucid skies with the surface straight perpendicular to the suns rays. 2.3.1.1 About Parabolic Trough Solar Trough solar systems use parabolic rounded trough shaped reflectors center the suns power onto a receiver pipe running at the focus of the reflector. Because of their parabolic shape, troughs can focus the sun at 30-60 times its usual intensity on the receiver pipe. The intense energy heats a heat transfer fluid (HTF), typically oil, flowing through the pipe. This fluid is then used to produce steam which powers a turbine that drives an electric generator. The collectors are united on and east-west axis and the trough is rotated to follow the sun to make best use of the suns energy input to the receiver tube.   Heat transfer fluid (usually oil) runs through the tube to absorb the concentrated sunlight. This rises the temperature of the fluid to some 400 °C. The heat transfer fluid is then used to heat steam in a normal turbine generator. 2.3.2 Biogas Biogas can bring a spotless, effortlessly controlled source of alternative energy from organic waste materials for a small labour input, replacing firewoood or fossil fuels (which are becoming more expensive as supply falls behind demand). During the conversion process pathogen levels are diminished and plant nutrients made more willingly available, so better crops can be grown while accessible resources are preserved. Since small scale units can be moderately simple to build and function biogas should be used openly if possible (for cooking, heating, lighting and absorption refrigeration), since both electricity generation and density of gas (for storage or use in vehicles)use large amounts of energy for a small output of functional energy. This idea is suited to distributed systems where waste is treated close to the source, and mud is also reused locally,to reduce transport and primary capital cost compared to a centralised system. As the distributed system will need a sustain network, biogas contributes to the triple bottom line; benefiting the environment, reducing costs and contributing to the social organization. This kind of biogas consists mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Other types of gas generated by use of biomass are wood gas, which is formed by gasification of wood or biomass. This type of gas consists mainly of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, with little amounts of methane. Biogas may be used as a low-cost fuel in the hotel industry for any heating function, such as cooking. It may also be used in present waste management amenities where it can be used to run any type of heat engine, to produce either mechanical or electrical power. Biogas can be compacted, like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles and in the UK for example is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.   Biogas is a renewable fuel, so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in a few parts of the world. 2.3.3 Biomass Biomass, a renewable energy source, is organic material from living, or freshly living organisms such as wood, waste, hydrogen gas, and alcohol fuels. The biomass- energy- materials technology (Pinatti, 1999)—better known by its BEM acronym—uses acid pre-hydrolysis in a vacuum reactor in order to separate municipal solid wastes into two fractions. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or generate heat. In this way, organic biomass can be integrated, as plants can also engender electricity while still alive. The most conservative way in which biomass is used however, still relies on direct incineration. However, it is possible to use biogas tapped from existing dumps and resulting in nil fuel costs, and either select or compatibilize technologies for upgrading the use of future municipal solid wastes, also with negative fuel costs, or ‘‘opportunity cost of waste function Vollebergh (1997), based on the amount of garbage that will not disposed in dumps. Forest organic residues for example (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and rubbish are often used for. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter used for production of chemicals. Biomass may include recyclable wastes that can be use to burn as fuel. However, it excludes such organic materials as fossil fuels, which have been altered by geological processes into substances like petroleum.. 2.3.4 Flat plate collectors Flat plate collectors, developed by Hottel and Whillier in the 1950s, are the most common type known still now. They consist of (1) a dark flat-plate absorber of solar power, (2) a transparent cover that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat losses, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing. It contain of a slight absorber sheet (of thermally stable polymers, aluminum, steel or copper, to which a black or selective coating is applied) often backed by a grid or coil of fluid tubing placed in an insulated casing with a glass or polycarbonate cover. Most air heat fabricates and some water heat manufacturers have a completely swamped absorber consisting of two sheets of metal which the fluid passes through. The heat exchange part is greater than they may be slightly more efficient than usual absorbers. 2.3.5 Hydro Using water force as a source of energy is not new method. Some countries, such as Canada, are dependent upon on hydro power. Clearly, the availability is restricted to specific region. And to make competent use of hydro power, the scale must be enough. While the contribution of hydro is important, it is not expected to belong to the main flow in terms of aggressive growth of green energy on a global basis (Halldo ´rsson and Stenzel, 2001). 2.3.5 Geothermal Earth heat source on the 9000 degrees Farenheit inner earth hotness and steadily reduces in temperature closer to the surfaces, but the temperature close to the surface vary greatly. Rainwater that sips in deeper parts of the earth gets hot and is known as geothermal source. In several parts of the world this water finds its means back to the surface via cracks and faults, such as geysers (i.e. in Iceland) and boiling springs. As with solar energy, the matter is how to tap that virtually unlimited spring of green energy. In most cases the trick is to bore to find and get access to the geothermal basis. The hot water can then be used both straight and in geothermal power plants, which consists of three varieties. Steam can directly be used to produce electricity with a dry steam generator. Water among 300-700 degrees Farenheit can be used in a Flash Power Plant, where hot water is flashed into vapor, Water with a warmth as low as 220 degrees Farenheit can be used in a Binary Power Pla nt, where the hot water in some way produces steam from a fluid with a lower boiling peak using warmth exchangers. The used water is fed back into the basis for reheating. It is renewable in a sense, as the obtainable heat capacity has its limits. Currently, the universal capacity of geothermal power plants is over 9000MW. The energy cost of easy access geothermal energy power plants is similar to wind energy. An MIT study showed that it is possible to increase the capability in the US alone to at least 100,000 MW, requiring a speculation of up to US$1 billion. It is analogous to drilling for oil; the more you want, the more hard (expensive) it is to find the sources. Clearly, geothermal energy can become a major provider to the worlds energy needs on the long term. Geothermal power plants can regulate the output to the required requests, which is a important advantage and makes them very suitable for base load power (the amount of energy that is always desired). 2.3.6 Tidal Energy If there is one thing we can safely forecast and be sure of on this planet, it is the coming and disappearing of the tide. While the energy capacity is dependable, converting it into electrical power is not simple. One option is to construct a tidal barrage (contrast to hydro lakes) which are not only complex but also cause radical changes to the currents in the estuary that could have enormous effects on the ecosystem. Nonetheless, tidal barrages have a enormous potential, worthwhile further examination. Another option is to use offshore turbines that work analogous to wind parks, but underwater and using the tides as a basis, This technology brings no environmental issues, but as it is in an early stage, the cost is not yet aggressive (like wind energy in the premature days). 2.4 Energy Audit To determine energy performance of a building, both constructional elements and energy production and consumption systems need to be evaluated. Depending on the purpose of the building aforementioned elements and systems have different contribution and a various methodology is needed for precise energy performance calculation. Energy audit is an analysis of thermal performance and energy systems of building with the purpose to determent its energy efficiency or non-efficiency. Energy audit also helps getting new conclusions and suggestions on how to increase the energy efficiency. Main goal of energy audit is to access and process collected data, and to get as much accurate present energy performance of building, concerning construction characteristics in terms of thermal protection, quality and efficiency of heating, ventilation and cooling systems, quality and efficiency of lighting and household   appliances and building management. .   For example Large-scale tidal energy pro duction has been planned for Passamaquoddy Bay straddling New Brunswick and Maine, and the Bay of Fundy as at least the 1930s. Even the late American President John F. Kennedy, a winner of a large-scale barragestyle tidal power plan at ‘Quoddy, envisioned a â€Å"fossil-fuel-free energy future† on the Atlantic seaboard. Newer tidal current technologies offer much more energy generation possibility, and much less environmental trouble, than the impoundment schemes superior in earlier plans. 2.5 Barriers to implement alternative sources of energy The need for using alternate sources for energy has been progressively rising as the environment is getting worse due to human utilization. For those people who wish to make dissimilarity in their lifestyles, or want to help find better energy sources for everybody, there are government allocations that will provide the financial support to do rising energy costs are finally starting to force global leaders to research alternatives and provide the funding to make changes. 2.5.1 Solar water heating systems (SWHS) Problems such as malfunctioning pumps, leakage from tanks etc. were experienced and maintenance and repairing facilities may not be to the required level. However, individual users in direct contact with manufacturing companies were generally satisfied. But this was true for only new systems. An encouraging response came from the potential users; 90% in the cities were willing to buy if it saved them energy. But current high prices of the system were a deterrent to them. Although solar water heating systems are simple in construction, responses indicated that minor faults could lead to serious problems, especially if not detected early. It was found that many systems did not perform as expected due to reasons such as low level of awareness, technical problems and lack of maintenance. It was also revealed that due to unsatisfactory performance, credibility of SWHS was low and there was an urgent need to restore the confidence of both existing and potential users. SWHS are still not pe rceived as environmentally attractive and potentially economical means of providing hot water to targeted users. Therefore, serious efforts and corrective measures both from industry and government are needed for a sustained growth of SWHS market. The key stakeholders (users, manufacturers and experts) indicated that the economic / financial barriers are the most important barriers for SWHS industry. The SWHS were considered high priced compared to conventional water heating systems and electricity made it further unattractive for the â€Å"low bill† electricity consumers. A lack of credit facilities was another obstacle in this category. Awareness / information barriers were ranked second with stakeholder indicating these as most important. Presence of SWHS industry can hardly be noticed by consumers. Industry on the other hand offers very limited choices due to a lack of significant market. Technical barriers were ranked third with stakeholders indicating these as most important. However, some experts and users were of the opinion that technical barrier would have been ranked first if the SWHS were used more widely. SWHS manufacturers on the other hand argued that the lack of knowledge about the system design and operation, and a lack of maintenance were the root cause of the problem. The quality of the product has improved in the last three years. 2.5.2 Recommended actions to remove SWHS barriers The Following measures were recommended by the stakeholders to remove the barriers. Information and awareness Development of effective public awareness and promotion programs that are prepared based on market surveys and studies. It was proposed that the programs should concentrate on use of media especially TV and newspapers. The concept, the benefits and the required operating conditions for SWHS should be made clear to end-users through these media strategies. Promotion of SWHS could also be done through participation in various exhibitions held in syndicates, hotels, clubs etc. The demonstration systems can be set-up in places like city councils, clubs, big factories, conference halls, and stadiums etc. where the impact can be far reaching. Printed materials (such as leaflets, brochures) containing information on systems, selection criteria, maintenance requirements, and information about suppliers and their after sales services needs to be made available to the consumers. ther modes for awareness building could include seminars and presentation to targetted users in schools, universities and clubs, and awareness among students by setting up of laboratories in these places. Economic and financial Financial support from the governmental, private sectors and donor agencies to the SWHS needs to be put in place. Availability of credit facilities with low interest rates and reduction in SWHS prices to make it competitive with other alternatives is equally important. Encouraging local manufacture of SWHS by reducing taxes and customs duties on solar water heating system components. Financial and technical support to research and development activities for product improvement should also be provided Technical Current manufacturing standards and specifications should be revised to include quality control and assurance components and installation requirements. SWHS and their spare parts could be made available in shops and markets.   This should be accompanied with availability of maintenance centres within easy reach. A program or mechanism to address the problem of the systems already installed in the new cities needs to be prepared and implemented. Relevant government authorities, manufacturers and dealers of SWHS need to co-operate in this programme. The users of the system need to be made aware o f the maintenance requirements of the SWHS through the program. Formulation and enforcement of appropriate quality checks at the factory level, product quality and performance guarantee and mechanism for their enforceability , and setting up maintenance cum marketing centres for SWHS are other measures to increase their penetration. Institutional A federation, union or society, which can bring representatives of users, companies, financing sources, policy makers and researches on one platform can be very useful to co-ordinate efforts in this area. 2.5.3 PV (photo voltaic) systems for electrification There was a consensus that economic and financial barriers are the most important barriers and should be addressed first. This was followed by policy barriers, indicating need for a governmental mechanism to promote PV technology (Ahmad and Shenawy, 2006). Market barriers were considered next in importance, indicating small size of the market and limited access to international market. Private sector involvement was limited due to small size of the market. Some PV manufacturers even suggested the need for obligatory laws for rural electrification using PVs. While experts and users considered technical problems and availability of maintenance as an important barrier, PV manufacturers did not consider this as a barrier. Important barriers within these categories were as follows: Lack of information The awareness on the applications of solar PV systems is very low. High dissemination costs The target group for solar electrification lives in dispersed rural dwellings, and proportion of wealthy households is also low in these areas. Dwellings are far apart, and therefore the transaction costs for commercial dissemination, installation and after-sales services are very high. These costs are estimated to be about 30% of the total costs of PV systems. Unfavorable tariff system The tariff charged by utilities does not reflect the real cost of rural electrification. Tariffs for electricity are identical in rural and urban areas, although the cost of supplying electricity is much higher in the countryside. On the other hand, consumers with low consumption of electricity pay lower tariffs. This makes PV system uncompetitive with the grid electricity. PV system is also not able to offer the range of services that a grid can offer, making it further uncompetitive. The electricity tariffs do not include external costs (environmental costs) due to use of fossil fuels in electricity generation. If these costs are considered in tariff setting, PV systems could be competitive with traditional electricity sources. Taxes and duties As in many other developing countries, PV system is considered a luxury product and charged very high import duty. Sometimes, tax exemptions may be available for equipment imports for a public or NGO project. But this inhibits commercialization. Further, the components that are produced locally (such as charge regulators, and batteries), attract high duties to protect the market for local manufacturers. This can cause problems if technology with the local manufacturer is not reliable. Import of equipment and materials is also a problem due to foreign exchange constraints. 2.5.3.1 Actions to overcome the PV electrification barriers The solar PV systems still have opportunities and potential for contribution to the rural development programs. These include the following: Solar radiation is high in Tropical Island, making solar PV system operation quite reliable and attractive. Technical and technological experiences are available. The actions to overcome the barriers include the following; Awareness campaigns need to be launched on regular basis to bring out the potential merits of PV systems and applications. Financial schemes need to be designed to support buyers. Manufacturers, suppliers, and agents should have their representatives and centres near the consumers. Since the PV programme is in initial stage, government supported market incentives needs to be designed to encourage commercial development and deployment. PV rural electrification projects can be integrated with other development programs. Integration of various PV rural electrification projects can help sharing of experiences in barrier removal. 2.5.4 Large Biogas Plants (LBP) The barriers identified in the case of LBP are: Information and awareness barriers A lack of awareness on LBPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s positive economic and environmental impacts Absence of governmental support for development, awareness and dissemination of the technology, necessary in the early stages of such programs. Institutional barriers Lack of co-operation and communication between the involved institutions, organisations and other stakeholders. Absence of NGOs role Economic and financial barriers Competing petroleum products and electricity are subsidized and easily available. High capital costs of LB P compared to other organic waste treatment systems. There is no economic evaluation for the positive environmental impact of the LBP. Unavailability of land within the targeted sites. Policy barriers A lack of application of environmental laws. Moreover, due to the high revenue generated by the states upon energy provided by the states electricity central, it is very difficult to implement alternative or renewable energy. 2.5.4.1 Actions to overcome the LBP barriers Since the LBP programme is in initial stages, most of the action needed relates to formulation of a proper plan and setting up implementing agencies, and ensuring co- operation between various agencies involved in the programme. The actions may include; Awareness programmes bringing out benefits of LBP as a source of clean energy and provider of environmental benefits through waste treatment. Reforming energy pricing policy to encourage and make RETs competitive with petroleum fuels and electricity. Setting up financing mechanisms to provide financing at reasonable rates of interest. Carrying out market potential study. Setting up a coordinating committee for planning and implementing the national action plan as suggested above for LBP. Strengthening the co-operation between the concerned ministries, institutions and organisations involved in the programme. Encouraging NGOs role in promoting LBP technology. 2.6 Direct and Indirect Impacts Social and environmental impacts of SWHS Energy saved by renewable energy technologies was estimated to be about 65%.   Estimated annual reduction in CO2 emissions is 190 thousand tons. Since the manufacturing is de- centralised and relatively labour intensive (at present, compared to alternatives; oil and electric heating), it

Economic Repercussions of Tourism in the Caribbean Essay -- Economics

Economic Repercussions of Tourism in the Caribbean The tourism industry is one of the largest contributors to the world GDP. It employs millions worldwide and provides a livelihood for nations and individuals alike. Focussing on a more specific economy - the economy of the Caribbean - a similar picture emerges. Much of the population has found employment in industries directly related to tourism and many more have done so in industries indirectly related to tourism. Albeit, there lurks a reality that defies this rosy illusion. The adverse effects of tourism on the economy are many and significant. In the long run, few clear advantages are visible. For countries of the Caribbean, that support their total national revenue figures primarily with tourism dollars, many challenges confront them. Commercialization of the local culture is probably the most visible change imposed by tourism. In an attempt to cater to the needs of the tourist culture, higher priority has been awarded to the capitalistic pursuits of wealth. All in exchange for age-old customs rich in heritage and traditions, they have replaced liquid assets for one that made the locals unique among all others in the world, their identity. Encouraging Americanized methods have rendered many of these ways of life obsolete. Tradition with regards to clothing styles, food, music, religion, and many other customs have begun to disappear from the lives of the people, all in the interest of the economy. There is no economy in the world that can claim to be immune from the occurrences of the natural elements. Droughts, floods, storms any many other natural disasters constitute as only one factor that incur profound impacts on the economies. The shock m... ...Asia, enjoys tremendous newly attained prosperity, and possesses a capitol that is regarded as an urban financial hub of the highest caliber. The tourist sector has developed as a result, especially business tourism. But these tourists do not come to take advantage of the weather and natural sites; rather they come to admire the accomplishments of the Malay. This tourism acts as a simple boost to the economy, not a lifeline. Changes in the volatile market of tourism will not adversely impact the country. The Caribbean nations should take example of the success of the Asians in transforming their countries into booming developing countries from their poverty stricken and technologically impaired plight only decades ago. Domestically owned corporations and far greater emphasis on technological and other industrial fields is vital to their successful future.

Feminism in Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay -- Femini

Feminism in Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Ã‚   While Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin overtly deals with the wrongs of slavery from a Christian standpoint, there is a subtle yet strong emphasis on the moral and physical strength of women. Eliza, Eva, Aunt Chloe, and Mrs. Shelby all exhibit remarkable power and understanding of good over evil in ways that most of the male characters in Stowe’s novel. Even Mrs. St. Claire, who is ill throughout most of the book, proves later that she was always physically in control of her actions, however immoral they were. This emotional strength, when compared with the strength of the male characters, shows a belief in women as equals to men (if not more so) uncommon to 19th century literature. In 1848, the first ever Women’s Rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Though Stowe did not attend, many of those who were strong in the abolitionist movement, such as Fredrick Douglas and Amy Post, did. Thus a correlation was drawn between the abolitionist movement and women’s rights. Both fights were about equality, so naturally those who were supportive of emancipation were supportive of gender equality as well. Uncle Tom’s Cabin not only follows the life of Uncle Tom, spanning from the time he is sold from his longtime master until Tom’s death, but also follows the life of Eliza, another slave who lives on the Shelby plantation with Tom as the novel begins. But unl... ...Topsy, but help her repent as well, for Topsy later says, "I will try, I will try; I never did care nothin' about it before" (94). Uncle Tom’s Cabin contains almost as basic of a moral as any story could; love has no physical barriers. The goal of Stowe’s novel is to show that in terms of race. But at the same time Stowe shows it in terms of gender as well. By making the female characters more morally righteous than the male characters and displaying the women’s physical feats more overtly than the men’s, Stowe enables the audience to see a side of women relatively unseen in 19th century American culture. Works Cited Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Uncle Tom’s Cabin." New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1927    Feminism in Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay -- Femini Feminism in Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Ã‚   While Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin overtly deals with the wrongs of slavery from a Christian standpoint, there is a subtle yet strong emphasis on the moral and physical strength of women. Eliza, Eva, Aunt Chloe, and Mrs. Shelby all exhibit remarkable power and understanding of good over evil in ways that most of the male characters in Stowe’s novel. Even Mrs. St. Claire, who is ill throughout most of the book, proves later that she was always physically in control of her actions, however immoral they were. This emotional strength, when compared with the strength of the male characters, shows a belief in women as equals to men (if not more so) uncommon to 19th century literature. In 1848, the first ever Women’s Rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Though Stowe did not attend, many of those who were strong in the abolitionist movement, such as Fredrick Douglas and Amy Post, did. Thus a correlation was drawn between the abolitionist movement and women’s rights. Both fights were about equality, so naturally those who were supportive of emancipation were supportive of gender equality as well. Uncle Tom’s Cabin not only follows the life of Uncle Tom, spanning from the time he is sold from his longtime master until Tom’s death, but also follows the life of Eliza, another slave who lives on the Shelby plantation with Tom as the novel begins. But unl... ...Topsy, but help her repent as well, for Topsy later says, "I will try, I will try; I never did care nothin' about it before" (94). Uncle Tom’s Cabin contains almost as basic of a moral as any story could; love has no physical barriers. The goal of Stowe’s novel is to show that in terms of race. But at the same time Stowe shows it in terms of gender as well. By making the female characters more morally righteous than the male characters and displaying the women’s physical feats more overtly than the men’s, Stowe enables the audience to see a side of women relatively unseen in 19th century American culture. Works Cited Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Uncle Tom’s Cabin." New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1927