Why Have Nuclear Weapons Not Been Used in Conflict Since 1945?

Why have atomic weapons not been utilized in strife since 1945? Atomic weapons have just at any point been utilized once in mankind's history, and that was during World War II when The United States conveyed rockets on A japanese area, in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. At the hour of besieging in 1945 just the USA had created atomic weapons, while today the pool of states comprising of atomic weapons is still incredibly little, with just nine states making a case for atomic innovation and weaponry. This atomic multiplication is clarified by Darryl Howlett who clarifies this as the overall spread of atomic weapons.For Howlett states are atomic driven in view of the ‘strategic, political and eminence benefits’ joined to atomic weapons[1]. In the cutting edge world the broad communications are frequently basic about atomic weapons and the dangers they present for society, however this makes one wonder; why have atomic weapons not been utilized in strife since 1945? To respond to t his inquiry the issues of untouchable and prevention and the appearance of virtual atomic arms stockpiles must be raised doubt about, just as hypothetical thoughts, for example, discernment from expansion confident people and multiplication pessimists.I will likewise take a gander at whether we as of now live in a non-multiplication system, and take a gander at the options for harmony and atomic non-use. The main zone of atomic non-use I will see will be the contentions presented by multiplication doubters and self assured people. Kennitz Waltz, a multiplication self assured person contends on one hand we can't stop the spread of atomic weapons. It’s unavoidable on the grounds that states look for power through atomic weapons; considerably littler, less amazing states adjust themselves to atomic employing states for assurance and security.But then again, Waltz contends states are balanced entertainers, and accepts atomic weapons will be utilized capably, which is the reason a tomic weapons have not been utilized. For Waltz, more states who have atomic weapons, the better. Three step dance composes, â€Å"A conspicuous hostile is frenzy. Atomic weapons and states that procure them will lessen the odds of war and lower the power of war. †[2] For Waltz this gives prevention from the danger of atomic weapons. If so, it would clarify why atomic weapons were utilized in any case; there essentially was no discouragement against the United States in Japan.Arguing against the positive thinkers, Proliferation cynics have another response for the non-use of atomic weapons. Scott D. Sagen, multiplication worry wart has opposing perspectives on the state, accepting states could be unreasonable, particularly when battle ready figures assume control over dynamic. Sagen contends all military have â€Å"organisational behaviour†[3] where by military figures are bound to fall back on atomic fighting, and for a rare sorts of people who set out to wander, ther e is consistently an issue with miscalculation.Sagen contends the main explanation atomic weapons haven’t been utilized is on the grounds that there hasn’t been a war worth utilizing them in. For Sagen demilitarization is a methods for consummation the chance of an atomic danger. Besides, my next point investigates the thought and hypothesis encompassing the idea of untouchable as a motivation behind why atomic weapons haven’t been utilized since 1945. No-no is an idea begat by Nina Tanenwald, and it implies the ‘tradition of non-use’, for this situation atomic weapons have become stigmatised[4].For Tanenwald discouragement alone doesn’t clarify why atomic weapons haven’t been utilized; Deterrence works however in Tanenwald’s see, yet just when working one next to the other with no-no. With atomic weapons there are good, moral and political costs appended, with Tanenwald expressing that a â€Å"â€Å"moral norm† restrict ing the utilization of atomic weapons created during the decades after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacks†[5] when discussing the ethical issues of atomic weapons. World assessment is additionally the greatest political limitation, with numerous individuals feeling strategically and morally joined against the utilization of atomic attacks.In option the standards and estimations of a general public employing atomic weapons likewise matters, with South Africa a case of atomic demobilization in light of social and moral endeavors made by their kin. Conceivably the greatest case of no-no was during the multi year Vietnam War. Nina Tanenwald contends that atomic were not utilized, which is clearly obvious, however utilizing atomic gunnery was intensely talked about by United States powers. Three American presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, all in influence during the Vietnam War decided not to utilize atomic force.Tanenwald trusts it is the good, moral and political components, the no-no impact which demonstrates non-utilization of atomic weapons. Besides the idea of untouchable and prevention cooperating originates from scholar Henry Kissinger who was the Secretary of State under the Richard Nixon organization during the Vietnam War and played a tremendous move in United States international strategy. In his book ‘Diplomacy’, Kissinger composes, â€Å"Never have the military hole between the superpower and non-atomic state been more prominent. Never was it best prone to be conjured. [6] Tanenwald would propose Taboo was working in the idea of Deterrence with Kissinger’s words, conceivably flagging the significance of no-no as an explanation behind atomic non-use since 1945. The third contention for the nonappearance of atomic weapons since 1945 is through the idea of prevention. Discouragement is the measures taken by a state or a union of numerous states to forestall antagonistic activity by another, for th is situation through atomic weapons. Colin Gray is one scholar who accepts in view of prevention atomic weapons are not utilized on the grounds that they are not rational.According to Gray, untouchable holds no reality, so contends against the thoughts of Nina Tanenwald wildly, with Gray proceeding to state that â€Å"it’s too clever†[7] to fight back from an atomic rocket, so states are discouraged from doing as such in any case. Dim and prevention supporters are stressed that if individuals start having faith in reality of no-no, states may feel obliged to incapacitate atomic mounted guns, which could demonstrate considerably progressively lethal as it will upset the perceived leverage, particularly between bigger nations.With less atomic competent states, there is a dread among discouragement supporters one state could utilize atomic weapons to improve their situation as a universal on-screen character, and cause more war in doing so[8]. For this situation, weapons are utilized as a definitive type of discouragement, one which keeps up the perceived leverage and takes out the danger of atomic strikes. The following zone of conversation is the appearance of virtual atomic stockpiles (VNA’s). As per Michael Mazaar virtual atomic armories are the place you store and reproduce atomic weapons[9].When taking a gander at why these have drawn out the atomic non-use, virtual atomic arms stockpiles are significant on the grounds that they kill the danger of miscount or an incidental bombarding. Besides by having deconstructed weapons, you can store every individual part independently, which implies your weapons are more enthusiastically to take as they are put away in obscure areas. Mazaar contends that atomic weapons haven’t been utilized in light of the fact that VNA’s go about as an obstacle from assault. Nobody will hit your domain with an atomic rocket it they know sooner or later down the line there will be a reprisal from a V NA[10].This implies the benefits of having atomic rockets is debilitated on the grounds that state and military on-screen characters are stopped from utilizing atomic weapons. Ashley J. Tellis backs up this contention presented by Mazaar, expressing that as a result of VNA’s, India and Pakistan, two nations with a war-torn history have been deflected from ‘employing atomic pulverization upon each other and mankind’[11], on the grounds that each state utilizes VNA’s, demonstrating that virtual atomic arms stockpiles have effectively helped stop the utilization of atomic weapons since 1945.The discussion of virtual atomic arms stockpiles is proceeded and facilitated by scholar John Schell, who takes a gander at how weaponless discouragement limits atomic activity. For Schell no atomic strikes have happened in light of the fact that by developing an atomic weapon discouragement would continue, and VNA’s could be worked to counter atomic rockets. Schell broadly cites â€Å"Missile deflects rocket, plane stops aircraft, submarine dissuades submarine†¦ Factory discourages industrial facility, outline hinders diagram, condition prevents condition. [12] In this sense, weaponless prevention goes about as a decent vital type of safeguard from atomic assaults, and further clarifies why atomic weapons haven’t been utilized in struggle since Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many would now contend that we live in the midst of an atomic non-expansion system, which is the confinement of atomic action, presented by the ‘Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty’ (NPT). The same number of states contradict atomic weapons, even states with these weapons are regularly restricted, the NPT, a bargain with 189 state individuals goes about as an arrangement to stop the spread and conceivable utilization of atomic weapons.The settlement was received in 1970 and is viewed as a three column framework, concentrating on non-expansion, demobilizati on and the option to calmly utilize atomic innovation, and like clockwork the arrangement is checked on. It’s significant that five atomic states (The USA, Russia, France, The United Kingdom and China), who all things considered make up the lasting individuals UN security board are totally joined to this bargain. The contention could be made that on account of the current NPT system atomic eapons present close to nothing and restricted danger, and as opposed to possessing atomic innovation for conceivable war and pulverization, rather the accentuation of war has been eased back down to concentrate on mechanical upgrades with atomic innovation, which could clarify why atomic weapons have not been utilized since 1945. All in all atomic weapons do represent a

Ancient Greek Philosophical Thought - Final Exam Essay

Old Greek Philosophical Thought - Final Exam - Essay Example On the establishments of a similar conviction, Socrates contends that the spirits of savants and intelligent people will join the spirits of gods numerous thousand years before the appearance of the normal people because of the very actuality that the philosophers’ spirits are far refined and eminent than those of general pu...blic, and maintain a strategic distance from bad habit and malice allurements by controlling their wants and debilitating their desire. Thus, Socrates has characterized and decided the way and position of soul in his insightful thoughts, which are being embraced and stated by the future savants throughout the previous a few centuries to come. Socrates has likewise clarified frenzy in his subsequent discourse, where he contends that it is franticness that urges allurement of adoration, fellowship and even sexual wants. He is of the assessment that sexual relations among man and kid must be created based on evident sentiments of affection, rather than unim portant desire and for the satisfaction of animalistic wants as it were. Such sort of unscrupulous connections will break shared regard between the coach and student, and each affiliation will look for its association in childishness and realism. Henceforth, the extraordinary savant, in a brief way, depicts that the bodily wants are a fundamental piece of human sense, which can be controlled however couldn't be smothered through and through. Here Socrates maybe implies feelings and energy proportionate to franticness; it is in this way he refers to the sun-god Apollo, the Seven Muses, and the collect and ripeness god Dionysus and the affection god Aphrodite, nature and type of the declarations of adoration are diverse for all the four, he submits. While clarifying the idea of Eros, in his discourse, Socrates submits to express that Eros or desire has course association with human spirit. It is soul that pulls in towards Eros for one way or the other. By one way or another, logicians have control to oppose the headways of sexual wants especially if there should be an occurrence of pederasty, where a grown-up male is interested by the excellence of a young. The ruler of divine beings Zeus had additionally experienced frenzy out of the sheer and total excellence of the Trojan youthful sovereign Ganymede, and he had abandoned the young for his sexual wants and love as well. In any case, in contrast to playing out a similar demonstration of renouncing an excellent individual for one’s reason, the philosophers’ soul control the franticness and wants, and consequently ends up being refined and grand in nature and acts. Besides, Socrates has additionally illuminated talk in his last discourse, where as opposed to disheartening the government officials to partake recorded as a hard copy exercises, Socrates permits them to do likewise and in this way read, compose and convey the addresses. Nonetheless, rather than being mean and second rate, the compositio n and subject ought to be astounding and refined one. Henceforth, making an

Business plan- definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketable strategy definition - Essay Example A marketable strategy is planned for defending business thought and its future possibilities. It is the indisputable archive that subtleties the qualities, dangers, future turns of events and other significant details associated with undertaking the undertaking. Marketable strategy is essentially and generally produced for undertaking another undertaking. Anyway it might likewise be created when a current business makes some new activity changes for which a sizeable speculation and examination is required. Remotely, field-tested strategy causes in imparting to the potential partners about the financing of the new business thought. All the while, a field-tested strategy fills the inside need by making the image understood to the individuals in association about the business. Having an indisputable field-tested strategy fills in as a rule of future moves and is a significant controlling component against which genuine execution can be analyzed. The marketable strategy envelops a few co mponents critical to new business thought. These incorporate thought age, vital goals, showcase investigation and research, understanding the opposition, income, benefit and misfortune estimates, accounting report projections, serious methodology and situation examination. These components are basically broke down in the accompanying conversation. Components of Business Plan 1. Thought Generation Idea age is the procedure wherein issue viable is comprehended and thoughts to take care of that issue are produced and conveyed. It is the essential component of marketable strategy on which the achievement of business depends vigorously. A thought that comprehends the issue just at surface and doesn't address the center profundities of issue will result just in transient achievement and extreme disappointment. An effective thought is the one, for another business, that is achievable and gainful. Thought age is the thorough errand (Legrand 2011, p.125). It requires an incredible examinatio n and promise to show up at effective business thoughts. The greater part of the business disappointments follow to unworkable business thoughts. Business thought ends up being a disappointment due to exceptionally regular issues that incorporate; surface comprehension of issue, ill-advised comprehension of condition where thought is to be presented and errors in evaluating future capability of thought produced. These are the most widely recognized territories that are not appropriately tended to while proposing any thought. In association, a pioneer can find a way to help in age of valuable and fruitful thoughts. He/she can do as such by coordinating thought generators in a manner so as they may not neglect the regular regions of slip-up that bring about extreme disappointment of marketable strategy. Gathering thought age is the normal authoritative practice. It offers the advantage of the pooled information f gathering and guarantees a legitimate basic investigation of thought bef ore it is executed. 2. Vital Objectives: The term ‘Strategic Objectives’ alludes to the solid money related and non-budgetary objectives that a thought should accomplish. Setting of key destinations fills different significant needs in a fruitful undertaking. It characterizes the objectives in solid terms and furthermore the job of various useful units of association for accomplishment of vital goals. Vital goals layout the measure of money related and non-monetary assets that are required to make a thought a triumph. This is a basic advance in field-tested strategy. A business thought can be a disappointment if its interpreted key goals are ambiguous, muddled and not well determined. A significant coordination issue, among utilitarian units, will emerge on the off chance that the goals are not surely known. A

Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary

Presentation The job of the American Revolution in history is by all accounts incredible surely: regardless of the way that a few antiquarians characterize it as an effective American endeavor to dismiss the thoughts set by the British government, this occasion has considerably more noteworthy perspectives and effects on human lives.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More By its temperament, a transformation is a push to change something so as to improve the conditions under which individuals need to live; it is a change starting with one constitution then onto the next; it is a start of the way that ought to significantly improve everything. Actually, such definitions are near those offered by Gordon Wood and Howard Zinn. These journalists made viable endeavors to characterize the idea of the American Revolution just as to enable the peruser to manufacture a genuine belief. The idea of the American Revolution is viewed as better justifiable depending on the thoughts offered by Wood since one of the fundamental purposes which ought to be accomplished are associated with a thought of radical ideological change so unequivocally bolstered by Wood: The Americans would not like to adhere to the principles directed by the British individuals however to make their own constitution and live as per their own requests; and Zinn’s approach dependent on the material needs is more unfortunate as the aftereffects of the American Revolution didn't forestall the advancement of neediness yet spread it on the American residents just in regards to British interferences. Body To comprehend whether the American Revolution was extremely progressive, it is important to grasp the substance of each word in this expression. The possibility of upheaval is absolutely founded on certain progressions to be accomplished. The fundamental objective of the Americans was t o pick up autonomy from the British Empire and to turn into an incredible nation on the planet. The consequences of this insurgency were about American freedom and the enhancements of everyday environments for American individuals, at the end of the day, it was compulsory to diminish the neediness rates. Be that as it may, the techniques and purposes set during the unrest merit more regard for be paid. There was a need to analyze the American and British styles of life (Wood).Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Americans were anxious to safeguard their privileges just as to demonstrate their freedom out of the British Empire. What they accomplished was the potential outcomes to create producing, to build up their own legislature, to extend any sort of religion, and to cast a ballot depending on their own advantages. Wood and Zinn assess these accomplishments from alternate points o f view: Wood’s thoughts appear to be increasingly radical, and Zinn’s thoughts are viewed as traditionalist ones to ensure abundance of the nation. As it has been referenced above, Wood’s approach depends on the extreme thoughts as per which an upheaval surmises a thought of an ideological move under which human rights might be recuperated and salvation of freedom will be accomplished. He attempts to clarify that changes which have been accomplished impacted extensively the relations between Americans just as between relatives and even between the legislative delegates (Wood). Zinn, in his turn, centers around the material foundations which are innate to individuals: as there is an impressive degree of rich and needy individuals, supporters of the upset ought to get the option to have similar chances and build up their insight. The primary accomplishments of Americans depended on the production of the Constitution under the states of which individuals ought to b e partitioned again into the agent of the tip top and those individuals from the working class. The fact of the matter is that Zinn is increasingly mindful to the models from the history to help his position. Be that as it may, the straightforward realities utilized are not as conceivable as the advanced contentions offered by Wood. The language of the American Revolution depends on uprisings, weights, and assaults which caused individuals to be joined for some timeframe just so as to win the adversary (Zinn). This is the reason it was increasingly essential to focus on the good or even ideological measurement that should prompt the necessary political partition (Wood).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, the assessment of the American Revolution and the regard for the methodologies offered by Wood and Zinn help to grasp a genuine embodiment of the occasion under examination. Wood’s approach concerning the ideological move of the conditions characterizes a progressive nature of the occasions which occurred toward the finish of the eighteenth century. Americans needed being isolated from the oppression of the British Empire. Their principle reason for existing was about partition and autonomy, and the disposal of neediness among individuals ought to be considered as an extra result. Wood’s meaning of the transformation is by all accounts right; notwithstanding, simultaneously, it isn't right to state that Zinn’s endeavor was not right, it is smarter to concede that his thought was not as ground-breaking and powerful as the one of Wood may be. End as a rule, the accomplishment of Wood’s argumentation of the American Revolution and its tendency assists with understanding that this occasion assumed a significant job in the American history. Individuals ought to understand that during that timeframe, Americans m ade one of the most impressive and compelling endeavors to demonstrate their nobility, their privileges, and potential outcomes. It was conceivable to make the alluring progress just by methods for the ideological move depicted by Wood, and Zinn’s thoughts are centered around the results which might be seen after the transformation was finished. In any case, the American Revolution changed American culture significantly and make Americans progressively certain about close to home forces and capacities to change philosophies and follow their own advantages to get one of the biggest and the most extravagant nations in the entire world. Works Cited Wood, Gordon. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library, Random House Publishing Group, 2002. Print. Zinn, Howard. â€Å"Tyranny is Tyranny.† In A People’s History of the United States. History Is a Weapon. n.d. 25 Oct. 2010. http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinntyr4.htmlAdvertising Searching for article on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This exposition on Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? was composed and presented by client Mall0ry to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

How do you know when youve chosen the right major

How do you know when you’ve chosen the right major Sometimes I get so engaged by a project that I forget to eat. Yesterday, I woke up at 7:35am.  Starving, I got a sandwich to-go at the Student Center and then trudged off to the basement of Building 35. Along with my friend Sally M. 16, I spent the next few hours CNC machining two rectangular aluminum blanks into a pair of finely detailed molds and then finetuning injection molding parameters to create some beautiful clear yoyo bodies. My sandwich lay forgotten until well past noon. How do you know if youve chosen a major that fits you?  Fit is  a fuzzy concept, hard to quantify or plot. But this is what it means to me: Fit is having at least one class per year that I really, really, really look forward to. A class that I wake up thinking about and work late into the night for, not because its required but simply because its so interesting. Fit is finding people who share my passion for design who see it as so much more than just an aesthetic wrapper, but rather as the core of a product that is expressed on many levels. Fit is seeing the things I love learning about in my spare time appear in class. Its seeing my favorite manufacturing videos shown in lecture. Its learning the details of fin theory in thermodynamics and spending two hours after class poring over the Mac Pros thermal core design with new eyes. I declared Course 2 (Mechanical Engineering) a year and a half ago.  The most valuable lesson Ive learned in these 18 months cant be described with equations or Greek letters. Its this: Failure sucks, but instructs. I firmly believe that the best way to learn is to push yourself so fast that you faceplant, and then to pick yourself up again. The numerous MechE project classes Ive taken have been invaluable for this. Theyve given me the confidence to push my limits and not be afraid of failure. Theyve turned me from a high school student into a fledgling engineer/designer, simultaneously confident about my abilities and also constantly hungry to learn more. Confident enough, as it happens, to break away from MIT to take next semester off and accept a 6-month position in Apples iPhone Product Design team. Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact: Everything around you that you call life was made up by people that were no smarter than you. You can change it, you can influence it, you can build your own things that other people can use. steve jobs I worry sometimes about the freshmen here, especially when I see them struggling early in the semester.  I worry because freshman year was by far my toughest year at MIT not because the classes were harder, but because I didnt feel invested in my classes. Finding the right fit can be a circuitous path, full of dead ends and winding forks. But when you find it, things seem to just fall in line.

Soil Structure Interaction Of Pile Foundation Seismic Event - 275 Words

Soil Structure Interaction Of Pile Foundation During Seismic Events (Dissertation Sample) Content: SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF PILE FOUNDATION DURING SEISMIC EVENTSNAMEAbstractThis paper is based on the behaviors of pile foundation during the seismic events which tend to alter or change the pile foundations. The paper has also outline the effects of the seismic events like earthquakes on the pile foundations. The big and heavy loads induced by the events tend to damage the pile foundation of any structure as it has been outlined by recent studies. Since these areas are has experienced lack of enough and detailed studies and researches, this paper provides a deep outline of the effects of the seismic events. In the introduction, the paper has given the frequency with which the pile foundations have been used by engineers in recent times and how they account for the soil structure which brings a complex area of study and research. The paper has also given the contributions provided by the researches in the study of soil structure which is one of the most important fields when putting up a structure, building or road or bridge. In the methods, the paper has given a brief review of the previous studies which have been done before on the same area of study. Since literature review provides a basis for further research, this paper has given the findings of other studies. It has outlined the conclusions of those researchers and the challenges they faced during their research. The methodologies used in their studies have also been outlined in the methodology part of this paper. In the discussion section, the paper has given a brief outline of seismic lateral loads are generated and how the transfer of these loads has occurred at the interfaces of soil structures. The study has also given the techniques which have been used generally to represent the soil structures and those techniques which have been specific to piles and pile groups. The different methods for both single files and a group of piles (cap) have listed in the discussion section. A d etailed discussion of each method is provided and the strengths of each outlined method. The methods for the effective representation of the soil structure interaction in general have been discussed. The outlined methods are, the thin layer method and the boundary element method and discussed in details. The lack of accuracy in these techniques in representing soil structures interaction in the occasion of a seismic event has been discussed in details, the problems and shortcomings involved in each method have been analyzed in this section. There have been difficulties in the effective use of the current techniques to effectively represent the soil structure interactions during a seismic event have also be discussed in this section of the paper. The paper has also outline the challenges faced by engineers and other professionals in the field in the use of these techniques and the need for more robust techniques which would be more effective in representing soil structure interacti ons in the event of a seismic occurrence. The groups of piles also have been analyzed and the difference they have in the transfer of lateral loads in the occurrence of a seismic event. The transfer of lateral loads in pile groups has been analyzed and the calculations and modifications of the methods of analysis to capture this have been done. The paper gives the weaknesses of the outline methods where there many assumptions made in the analysis methods. There are also lack of theoretical proofs and robustness of the methods which is a great challenge in applications. Some methods are only applicable in the soil from which the load tests were made in coming up with the given method. Recommendations for further research a have been made after identifying the weakness and the research gaps in the previous studies on the area of study. The study recommends further research on the methods used to represent effectively the soil interaction during the seismic events. The methods should t ake into account modern developments and more tall and strong structures not forgetting the issue of land reclamation.IntroductionWith the growing technology in the world and the faster economic growth in countries, the construction of structures has been on the rise in a daily basis. These structures include, buildings which we have witnessed the construction of story buildings with over 450 m high, there are also modern rails which have been constructed to accommodate stronger and heavier trains for easies transport of goods. These rails have called for stronger bridges despite the soft soil structures along the river banks where some of these bridges have been put into place. The construction of more roads has also been on the rise mostly in developing countries where we cannot fail to talk about the construction of bridges. Most of these outlined structures have been built regardless of whether the place of country is prone to seismic events. Due to these events and structures t he use of pile foundations has a been an everyday talk. To support the structure especially in the seismic event prone areas, the use of pile foundations have been put into place. These pile foundations have been designed by engineers to resist the inertial force generated by the seismic events which lead to the damage of soil structures hence damaging the given structures which has led to the collapse of the many buildings and bridges in such an activity. This has in turn led to deaths of many people once such an event like earthquake occurs. To account for the soil structure which has been a complex topic due to the both linear and non linear interactions, engineers have been able to carry out both linear and non linear seismic analyses. The engineers have also been able to use the pseudo static analysis to do the pile analysis and also study of the forces generated by seismic events.There have several contributions to the study of soil structure interaction and how the study coul d help reduce the effects of seismic events. Since these events have led to the weakening of soils structure hence the ground is unable to support such buildings such occurrences, the structures eventually collapse hence raising studies and contributions to the study. The introduction of the pseudo static analysis has been a major contribution to the study. The method although takes into account the uncertainties involved in soil structures, it is very simple to understand and also static (Misko Cubrinovski et al, 2010). The use of this simple method to model or analyze a complex event like the soil interactions have raised many questions hence could not be adequate or significant in the analyses.Samridhi Singh et al (2015), in their journal called international journal of research in engineering and technology carried out a research on the effects of seismic events such as earthquakes on the foundations of the structures which have been put into place with the recent modernization. They concluded that the effects of a seismic event on the foundation of a structure are determined by the type, nature and behavior of soil in the affected area. They also concluded that, in the case where there is a soft soil where the foundation has been built, the whole structure may collapse in the event of an earthquake. They recommended some ways in which the effects of these seismic events can be minimized or prevent the collapse of the structures. They recommended that the given structure may be built like a single structure together with its foundation. These would help reduce the effect of the earthquake though not to a greater extend. They also proposed that the structure be built and floated above the foundation of the structure. This method is called the isolation. This method was also proven not to be very effective since we still experience the failure of buildings very often in the event of seismic activities.Poulus H and Tabesh A (2006), in their study on some imp ortant factors which affect seismic response of pile foundations, gave a brief outline on the factors which affect the response. In their study they proposed and approach where they used parameters like, the pile and elasticity of soil, length of pile, the diameter of pile and the mass of cap. Their method was proven to be effective due to its ability to capture time domain making the non linear seismic analysis easy and applicable. The method also was also clear in making assumptions made easy to understand. Although the method had the above mentioned strengths it also had a weakness of making too many assumptions in the analysis of the seismic response of the pile foundations. These assumptions were made due to use of many parameters which are mathematically involved with many assumptions hence making the method not reliable since all the assumptions have to be proven. Some of the assumptions are deemed not to be true at the end of the analysis. So their method had the loophole of many assumptions.Puri V and prakash S (2008) in their paper on the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering provide methods for pile design in liquefying soils. They stipulated that the strength of soil decreases when there is an increase in the pore water pressure in the soil. These leads to the loosening of structures and pile foundations put into place on that particular soil. They gave the methods which provide a reliable design of pile foundations in these loose soils, they propose the force or limit equilibrium analysis as one of the methods and p-y analysis which is also called the displacement analysis. Their method for force based was used using the experience of the past earthquakes experienced I their area. They however concluded that the given methods needed further study since there were no any given solutions which would be satisfactory to the study of soil interaction in seismic events. Since their study was used the case of chine, it could not be generalized to the ot...

Racism analysis - 1785 Words

The theme that I have selected to analyse is Racism. The texts that I will use to explore this theme are the films ‘Django’ directed by Quentin Tarantino, ‘Schwarzfahrer’ directed by Pepe Danquart, the poem ‘Racism is around me everywhere’ by Francis Duggan and the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ by Harper Lee. In this report I will research how racism affects individuals with dark skin, what the consequences of racism are, and how racism is the norm throughout different periods of history. Racism is an ongoing issue and in my report I aim to change the way you think of racism and what we can do to end this abominable behaviour. Across all texts that I studied, characters are racially ill-treated. In Pepe Danquart’s Oscar-winning short†¦show more content†¦He then turns to the African Americans and throws them the key for their shackles. â€Å"So as I see it, when it comes to the subject of what to do next, you gentlemen have two choices. One, once Im gone, you lift that beast off the remaining Speck, then carry him to the nearest town. Which would be at least thirty-seven miles back the way you came. Or....Two, you unshackle yourselves, take that rifle over there... put a bullet in his head, bury the two of them deep, and make your way to a more enlightened area of the country. The choice is yours.† They decide to use violence in an act of vengeance after they have been repeatedly whipped and beaten for the color of their skin. This is a similar case as in ‘Schwarzfahrer’, when the black man seeks revenge against the old lady who repeatedly racially abuses him for no reas on at all. As the ticket collector comes round to see who is a ‘Schwarzfahrer’, the black man violently grabs and swallows the old lady’s ticket. When asked by the collector for her train pass her reply of â€Å"this nigger just ate it!† is â€Å"the stupidest excuse I have ever heard† and the old lady is then escorted off the train. In both these texts revenge is sought after a response to racial treatment. The black man in the train in ‘Schwarzfahrer’ acted rashly just to get rid of the lady so she couldnt continue her racist pontificate, and the seven African Americans in ‘Django’ murdered the white man in an act ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Racism In A Rose For Emily914 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant to the town, but the new generation wanted to change that. They sent many notices to her but they were not receiving any payments from her. I can connect this to a New York Times article, the article is called â€Å"Dove Drops an Ad Accused of Racism†, the article talks about how Dove and many other soap companies had made controversial ads regarding with African Americans cleaning themselves and becoming white. The idea of slavery was first known during the 1400’s , that when the Europeans startedRead MoreStructural Racism And Racial Equity Analysis Essay1850 Words   |  8 PagesIt is evident that structural racism has become increasingly worse throughout the years. The question is, will there ever be an end to the belief of white privilege? There are organization’s and continuing protests to try to end inequality, but is there work truly enough? With structural racism existing in today’s society, immigrant’s must work harder than whites, in order to succeed and prosper. Structural racism has been around for decades now, with whites believing they are ethnocentric overRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Dimensions Of Racism In Advertising864 Words   |  4 PagesIn Chapter 4 of Dimensions of Racism in Advertising: From Slavery to the Twenty-first Century, Kieh discusses how racism and stereotypes influence politics in America. He states that racism influences all elections in America, no matter what level the election is on. The author states that the purpose of the particular chapter. He states that the chapter â€Å"examines the racism-political advertisement nexus, especially its use as an instrument for priming and conditioning white voting behavior in presidentialRead MoreSociological Analysis of Racism American History X2317 Words   |  10 Pages Sociological Analysis of American History X: A Breakdown of the Stages of Racism Racism being a common concern for most sociologists is somewhat inevitable and a cause for a large proportion of the problems that occur in the society. American History X (1998) is a film that tells a rather heartrending tale of two brothers that got caught in a ghastly web of bitterness and hatred. Although racism is openly practiced, it isn’t entirely irreversible. The process of escaping from it, however, canRead MoreEssay on Analysis On Racism In Huck Finn2025 Words   |  9 Pagesthemes are not characteristic of such a genre. The themes that are developed throughout the novel include that of hypocrisy, racism, violence, and gullibility. These four themes represent the elements of pre-War Southern society that bear Twain’s main criticisms throughout the pages of the novel. Specifically, much of Twain’s critical focus landed upon the theme of racism. Racism, in all of its ignorance and crudeness, is present in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, from the Wi dow Douglas and MissRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Appiah ´s View of Racism 850 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper I will be arguing that racist beliefs are cognitive problems according to Appiah’s account of racisms. In order to defend this position, I will first explain Appiah’s account of how racism is heritable through genes, focusing specifically on what he thinks the connection between extrinsic racists and intrinsic racists are. Then, I will define what Appiah takes a extrinsic and intrinsic racists to be, and show how his definition of what an â€Å"insincere† extrinsic is distinctive by contrastingRead MoreAnalysis Of Let s Talk About Racism Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesrocked by the idea that one pigment of color is superior to another. This discrimination is caused by a lack of education in our generation and an aversion to difference that has been passed down from our ancestors. Rick Wormeli in â€Å"Let’s Talk About Racism in Schoolsâ €  argues â€Å"The violence among U.S. residents of different colors, cultures, religions, and political groups has heated to new levels. Social media may have exacerbated the divisive rhetoric and fanned the flames of hatred more than in pastRead MoreRacism In Othello Analysis829 Words   |  4 PagesLittle, Arthur L. â€Å"An Essence That’s Not Seen: The Primal Scene of Racism in Othello.† Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 3, Oct. 1993, p. 304. In this article, the author relates the idea of primal scene to racism in â€Å"Othello†. Primal scene is a psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud. This theory claims once a child imagines or sees their parents having sexual relations they will be unable to repress this image from reappearing in theirRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Racism Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., became the leader of the movement, and the issue began to gain serious national attention. This is when public opinion in the US began to seriously oppose racism. The main subject of â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is the injustice of racism and inequality in the American South. The book helped to expose racism in the US. â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is a novel about growing up in the 1930s in the southern United States. The story discusses three characters in the novel. These charactersRead MoreRemember The Titans Racism Analysis859 Words   |  4 Pages ¬******DRAFT****** To What Extent Did the Titans Success Eliminate Racism in The Community? Discuss. Remember the Titans, directed by Boaz Yakin, is a movie set in the early 1970’s that focuses on the ways in which a particular school, where black and white students are forced to integrate, reduces racism in the community. This reduction in racism is mainly the result of the success of the School’s football team, the Titans. Yakin uses numerous film techniques throughout the film such as lighting

Amy Chua - 1459 Words

Markisha Carter/ Unit Two â€Å"B† Essay Amy Chua is obviously very opinionated. There is a lot of controversy surrounding her memoir, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, in which she was very harsh towards her daughters and made it clear that her parenting methods were better than those of a Western parent. There is no manual on parenting, but how do we know when we as parents cross the line between being concerned for our child’s future and being overbearing? Being a parent myself, I know firsthand that it gets frustrating and sometimes, that inner control can be lost. Amy demonstrated this challenge plenty of times. I acknowledge that Amy may have thought she was motivating her children to be strong, successful women but I don’t think she†¦show more content†¦One can’t help but wonder how Amy and Jed had such a successful marriage. I’m pretty sure Jed disagreed with Amy more than she let on in the book. According to her, â€Å"Besides, I w as at a disadvantage because I had an American husband who believed that childhood should be fun† (46). Amy knew this, yet she still didn’t let the girls have fun. Maybe Jed should have pushed her to be more outgoing and spontaneous. According to Dr. Jim Taylor, there are three qualities a parent must possess to raise healthy children: calmness, persistence, and toughness (Taylor, Three Words). Chua was not so good in the calmness department. Tough love is often given to children having behavioral problems as they grow older but this did not apply to Sophia and Lulu. Why was all of that â€Å"tough love† being given to them? In a way, Amy could have been living her dreams through the girls. But if she wanted to be a professional musician, she should have done so. Instead, she pushed the girls to do something without ever asking them if it was what they wanted to do. Lulu let her have it when she said to her mother â€Å"Mommy, I get it. I’ve watched you a nd listened to your lectures a thousand times. But I don’t want you controlling my life† (221). She mentioned a couple of times in the book that Chinese kids owed theirShow MoreRelatedWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior by Amy Chua and Two Kinds by Amy Tan992 Words   |  4 PagesThe stories Why Chinese Mothers are Superior by Amy Chua and Two Kinds by Amy Tan portray how children are raised in Chinese-American culture and what beliefs predominate in Chinese-American communities. In Chinese-American culture, mothers approach raising their children differently from many other American parents. While there are many similarities among these Chinese parents, variation can still be seen in the level of persistence and determination each individual parent pours into their parentingRead MoreA Letter to Amy Chua793 Words   |  4 PagesA LETTER TO AMY CHUA Dear Amy Chua: I am a student who is raised by demanding eastern parenting style you described in your article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are superior† and can easily find this kind of parenting style in China. As a typical Chinese mom, you demonstrate an general idea held by most Chinese parents that keeping working â€Å"makes the once not fun activity fun† with your own experience about enforcing Lulu to finish the task which seems impossible. And you also notice that children dueRead MoreChinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua1396 Words   |  6 Pages the article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† by Amy Chua, we hear about her experiences with the Chinese way of bringing up your children, and how this has affected her and her family. In the beginning of the text, we are told that the writer, Amy Chua, is a professor at Yale Law School and that she has two daughters. Furthermore, we hear that she sees herself as a so-called â€Å"Chinese mother† (l.22). Chines e mothers do not necessarily need to be Chinese, but it is a term to describe a very strictRead MoreThe Roar Of The Tiger Mom By Amy Chua1347 Words   |  6 Pagesarises between parents at times. In the essay, â€Å"The Roar of the Tiger Mom† Amy Chua explains with great detail, the many differences between Chinese mothers and western parents have in the upbringing of their children trying to prepare them for the real world. Amy Chua puts in her own insight of Chinese mothers trying to justify the Chinese parenting style, however, many western parents would defy Chinese parenting style. Amy Chua formed a list of the things she would never allow her children to do. TheseRead MoreThe Roar Of The Tiger Mom By Amy Chua1031 Words   |  5 PagesQuestions have been raised on whether Chinese parenting raises more flourishing children than Western parenting. Despite what people think, in Amy Chuas essay â€Å"The Roar of the Tiger Mom†, she portrays the differences between the beliefs of Chinese parenting and Western parenting. Chua introduces the views of a Chinese parent compared to the views of a Western parent. The methods used by Chinese mothers in raising their children are drastically different from Western mothers. Each defends theirRead MoreParenting: Amy Chua vs. Hanna Rosin953 Words   |  4 PagesContrast Essay March 22, 2015 Parenting: Amy Chua vs. Hanna Rosin Is there a right way to raise your child? There are really no set rules on how to raise your child, as we can see throughout the articles written by Amy Chua, a self-described â€Å"Chinese Tiger Mom† and Hanna Rosin, a â€Å"Western Mother,† in The Wall Street Journal in January 2011. These articles show that the two authors have completely different parenting styles. On one hand, Amy Chua believes kids should not go to sleepovers, beRead MoreBattle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother By Amy Chua1097 Words   |  5 PagesChua Summary Amy Chua, author of the book â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother†, writes about the differences between Western style parenting and Chinese style parenting. Although Chua acknowledges that Chinese parents are strict and Western parents are less strict, she knows it is a generalization. She outlines the high expectations that Chinese parents have for their children. She compares the statistics about strictness in the eyes of Western and Chinese parents. Chua says that Chinese parents getRead MoreWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua1203 Words   |  5 PagesOne woman, with a view agreed upon by many others, is Amy Chua, a professor at the prestigious law school of Yale University. In Amy Chua’s â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,† an excerpt from Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, Chua explains Chinese parenting and how it is effective in her life. She claims that by breaking down a child and pushing them to their full potential, the child will, in tu rn, be confident and incredibly successful. Chua also makes it seem like Western parenting is far too relaxedRead MoreWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua1737 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many different methods of how learning develops in children. The two authors show different ways that parents approach encouraging their children’s potential and ability to achieve success. In Amy Chua’s essay â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior,† she writes a memoir of how she raised her two daughters following her interpretation of the Chinese culture. She limited her daughter’s extracurricular activities and forced them to perfect every subject in school in order to be successful academicallyRead MoreBattle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother By Amy Chua1002 Words   |  5 PagesIn the â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother,† Amy Chua addresses two main styles of parenting, and which style she thinks is better for children. The main parenting styles she talk s about are Western style parenting, and Chinese parenting. Amy implies that Western parents are more lenient and less strict, and that Chinese parents are very strict and harder on children so that they grow up to be successful. In the essay, she claims that Chinese parents are a lot tougher and more strict on their children

According To Edward Said, “There Has Been No Major Revolution

According to Edward Said, â€Å"There has been no major revolution in modern history without intellectuals; conversely there has been no major counter revolutionary movement without intellectuals. Intellectuals have been the fathers and mothers of movements, and of course sons and daughters, even nephews and nieces.† Said focused on the general population of intellectuals and their importance to all of the various modern day revolutions and counter revolutions. However, it is also significant to notice how this also relates to the black intellectuals and the importance of the positions that they held, in relation to all of their movements. The role of the black radical intellectual is vital to understanding the questions of politics and the†¦show more content†¦These individuals also hold a principled position against a dominant interest, and their position is based upon a humanistic worldview that they hold. This humanistic worldview leads them to both acquire and pr oduce more knowledge in terms of their views, that help others to see and understand their view of humanity. Speaking of humanity, according to Bogues, a call for a new human was one of the central questions that the black radical intellectuals raised. He also stated how this call was expressed in both Cà ©saire’s writings and Fanon’s book Wretched of the Earth. Meanwhile, they constantly remain engaged in public conversation and discussion. One term that most black intellectuals have been noted to relate to is Praxis, which can be described as taking theory and putting it into practice. However, black radical intellectuals still do, face problems in their field with this contradiction . One problem that the Africana intellectual faces is the intellectual contradiction of theory and practice. Due to the case that according to Kassami the combination of thought and action is quite uncommon is regards to the Western intellectual, whom solely thought. Therefore, they must strive to maintain a balance between the two. According to Bogues Part of the problem in addressing these issues about the black radical intellectual tradition is that our answers oftentimes turn on the Cartesian division between experience and thought. OurShow MoreRelatedSinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards1780 Words   |  7 PagesHands of an Angry God† was written by theologian Jonathan Edwards and is considered to be one of the most famous of all sermons because it is a common topic of debate for many people (who are in a religious setting). But, I am compelled to consider that there could be more to Edwards’ legacy and purpose than meets the eye. Jonathan Edwa rds was the son of a minister and a highly intelligent, willful mother (Griffin, 2007). Edwards was known for being an intellectual and profound speaker. Read MoreTarget Audience : Branding Teams904 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose: Customer service has evolved over the last few years, long gone are the days of solving a problem with a quick fix and a smile. With the new media landscape, social media listening has become a vital tool for companies to build brand loyalty, engage consumers, identify and solve problems, and gather consumer insights into their brands. Target Audience: Branding teams I: Introduction A. Bill Gates once said, â€Å"Your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning.† (WilsonRead MoreThe Battle Of Civilizations By Samuel P. Huntington1302 Words   |  6 Pagescivilizations of the globe will find themselves at odds in one of identity based clashes: â€Å"Fault-line conflicts†, which is conflict between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or â€Å"Core state conflicts† global level conflict between the major states of different civilizations. He warns that prolonged fault-line conflicts last longer than most others, precisely because they involve â€Å"the fundamental issues of group identity and power.† Religion is the most important thing that distinguishesRead MoreA Literary Criticism of the Novel the Firewalkers by Erwin E. Castillo4251 Words   |  18 Pagesof this Earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – President Barack Obama on his inaugural speech. Relation with other nations is one of the most important things for the United States of America today. As history have shown, the need for the connection with other countries had been existing since the late exploration period, where United States had just achieved their independence from the British monarchy and began their own conquest around the globe. The Americans are the second, yet the most celebrated colonizer of the PhilippinesRead MoreCriminal Justice System And The Crime System Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesto those crimes and part two as the due process to how the legal system handles the suspect of a crime. Even though the Criminal Justice System has been studied and training has been implemented to government officials on how to follow it properly, up to present day the Criminal Justice’s contract with society still causes trauma within society. According to Merriam-Webster, the definition of a contract is â€Å" a binding agreement between two or more persons or parties; especially : one legally enforceableRead More Maximillien Robespierre Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesMaximillien was opposed to violence. While a judge, he condemned a murderer and, according to his sister, was up all night repeating â€Å"I know he is to blame. He is a rascal... but to kill a man...† (Eagan 18) He was concerned only with getting justice in peaceful ways. He had considered various ways their society could be reformed by law (DMOZ). He was a dedicated subject to the royalty, but had dreams of a republic. Robespierre said, â€Å"In Republican governments, men are all equal; they are also equal in despoticRead MoreThe Tax Reform Act Of 19861607 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain some pros and cons as well as give my opinion on the topic. According to vocabulary.com â€Å"Taxation refers to the practice of a government collecting money from its citizens to pay for public services†. Our country was practically founded because of differences on taxation. The Stamp Act, Townshend Revenue Act, and most famously the Tea Act of 1773, are a few examples given of the progressive start to the American Revolution. If we can fast forward to 1986, this is the year that PresidentRead MoreDefining the Concept of Revolution1950 Words   |  8 PagesRecent theorists have put forward their definition of a revolution but there does not seem to be a clear concise description. Do protests or demonstrations, the toppling of a president, uprisings and changes in government constitute a revolution? I will explore these different approaches from the theorists and then show which I believe to be a ‘successful revolution’ going back as far as the French Revolution. Revolution refers to a central change in power or governmental structure that takes placeRead MoreThomas Paine And Thomas Jefferson Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Declaration of Independence, both having religious ties. Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement on the formation of the unknown despite their beliefs and differences, fostering independence that still exists 240 years later. According to The American Pageant, Thomas Paine was from Britain. Paine was a corset-maker’s apprentice. Paine had come over from Britain in 1775. The website history.com says that his father’s religion influenced Paine’s humanitarianism, and a strong interestRead MoreThe Revolutionary Policies of Henry VIII Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesof social and religious reform. The navy was organized for the first time as a permanent force. Wales was officially incorporated into England in 1536 with a great improvement in government administration there. In 1521, Henry had been given the title Defender of the Faith by the pope for a treatise against Martin Luther, and he remained orthodox in his personal doctrinal views throughout his reign. Even though the rest of Europe was going through a reformation/renaissance

Causes and Effects of Prostitution - 757 Words

A. Prostitution in the Philippines 1. Propagation of prostitution during the time of the Spanish Colonization in the Philippines ïÆ'Ëœ The rape of native women by the Spaniards created a reserve of â€Å"fallen† women who became available to service not only the homesick Spanish troops and dignities, but also the friars. ïÆ'Ëœ By the 19th century, prostitution was an occupation for women in Manila. 2. Prostitution during the time of the American Occupation in the Philippines ïÆ'Ëœ The outbreak of the Philippine-American War in 1899 and subsequent American rules led to the further entrenchment and proliferation of prostitution. ïÆ'Ëœ Olongapo was converted into a naval base by the American soldiers and transformed into a city of hotels, saunas,†¦show more content†¦troops have constantly used this as their form of recreation and relaxation. C. Realties of Prostitution 1) Most prostitutes do not profit much from prostitution because most of their income goes to their pimps and employers. Those who benefit from this business are the bar owners, pimps, hotels, recruitment agencies, and even the government because of the taxes from these companies. 2) Prostitutes are victims of constant abuseShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Prostitution956 Words   |  4 Pages Prostitution is taking part in sexual acts in return for cash. In reality, prostitution is a type of viciousness against older ladies and young ladies. While there are little quantities of undermined men and younger men, they are limitlessly dwarfed by undermined ladies and young ladies. The individuals who buy sex are quite often men. Prostitution is physical, sexual and psychological mistreatment incurred on ladies by men. Three causes of prostitution which include: individuals who are drivenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Enough Has It s Time We Decriminalize Prostitution 1131 Words   |  5 Pages A Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Enough Already, It’s Time We Decriminalize Prostitution† In â€Å"Enough Already, It’s Time We Decriminalize Prostitution† Patty Kelly persuades the readers that the American government should make the prostitution legal. She introduces the three reasons and the facts from both sides of decriminalization and criminalization towards prostitution to support her thesis. This essay was written and first published in the local newspaper of Los-Angles Times in 2008Read More There are no Truly Victimless Crimes Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesthey should be responsible for whatever happens. A few common victimless crimes are prostitution, taking harmful drugs, and suicide. These are perceived as having no negative effect on anyone but the people who agreed to accept the negative effects. In reality, all victimless crimes cause problems for other members of society. J. S. Mill did not understand that victimless crimes do not actually exist. Prostitution is one of the most debated of the victimless crimes, because the US has been slowRead MoreProstitution And Sexual Relations With Prostitution1515 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Prostitution could start at any age, depending on the reason why it began. About 40% of prostitutes are former child prostitutes who were illegally forced into the profession through human trafficking or once were teenage runaways (sex-crime.laws.com). There is no need for an education and the amount of money received is something unbelievable. Prostitution is the act of engaging in a promiscuous sexual relations with someone for money. Prostitution is also known as the â€Å"Worlds oldestRead MoreThe introduction of new technological advanced innovations and methods during the Market Revolution1700 Words   |  7 Pagesdeceived and moved from their motherland to work in unfavorable industries with prostitution as the most common jobs for these women. With the incessant growth of the prostitution, the act of participating in promiscuous copulation especially for money, theres an outgoing debate on whether prostitution should be legalized or illegalized. However, people fail to foc us on the increasing amount of trafficking and child prostitution aroused by sex tourism. As the world interchanges knowledge, commodities,Read MoreProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to humanRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1663 Words   |  7 PagesDecriminalizing prostitution in the United States will be a hazard to the nation. Prostitution has been often called one of the oldest jobs in the world. However, it has been illegal in nearly all societies throughout history. Currently, there have been various countries where prostitution has been legalized by the government, allowing people over eighteen year olds to work as prostitutes legally. Nonetheless, those countries have had several negative effects following the legalization of prostitution. NeverthelessRead MoreDiscussing The Leg alization Of Prostitution1604 Words   |  7 Pages3561 04/19/2015 Discussing the Legalization of Prostitution To better discuss the legalization of prostitution there’s a need to know its definition. Legalization of prostitution is where prostitution becomes controlled by the government and becomes legal under specific conditions. Legalization may include prostitution-specific controls chosen by the state, which could include licensing, registration, and mandatory regular health checks ups. Prostitution has been legalized in Netherlands, Germany,Read MoreProstitution Can Benefit Society : The Legalization Of Prostitution950 Words   |  4 Pages Scroggs 1 Lydia Scroggs Professor Johnson English 101-44 October 24, 2017 Prostitution Can Benefit Society The legalization of prostitution has been a debatable topic over the years. There are differing viewpoints on the reasons for legalizing prostitution as well as the causes of legalizing prostitution. In the majority of the world today, there is a high level of demand for prostitutes as well as the services they render. BecauseRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Criminal Justice System974 Words   |  4 Pageshave developed theories as to why females commit crime dating back to 1895. One more recent theory of crime is Sampson and Laub’s life course theory. This theory argues that the events that occur during one’s life (from birth to death) can have an effect on one’s actions and, in turn, their criminal involvement (Mallicoat, 2015). Applying life course theory to crime helps to explain the gender gap in offending due to the fact that men and women’s life experiences are different as well as the fact

Kant Metaphysics Free Essays

The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant’s â€Å"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals†, argues upon the basis of morality introducing the ideals of the categorical imperative as the central concept of moral philosophy. The definition of the categorical imperative leads Kant towards the critique of pure reason arguing that without a goodwill one can’t even be worthy of being happy. Kant introduces goodwill, treating people as means rather than ends and doing the right thing for the right reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Kant Metaphysics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Making a distinction between science and knowledge and eliminating common sense on a route to the philosophical, Kant defines reason as reason a practical faculty to influence will and also being essential to will. Kant argument in the Groundwork focuses upon the basic idea of what makes a good person good. It is the possession of a will that is a way determined by, or makes decision based of moral law. This goodwill is supposed to be the idea of one who only makes decisions that she holds to be morally worthy, taking moral considerations in themselves to be conclusive reasons for guiding her behavior. This sort of disposition or character is something we all highly value. Kant believes we value it without limitation or qualification. Formulated by pure reason, the categorical imperative according to Kant underscores his argument. The value of a good will thus cannot be that it secures certain valuable ends, whether of our own or of others, since there value is entirely conditional on our having and maintaining a good will. Kant’s categorical imperative argues that ones actions should be done from duty in order to obtain true moral worth. It is not the result of ones actions but rather means of that duty that leads humanity to happiness. The goodwill â€Å"of this person would sparkle like a jewel all by itself, as something that had its full worth in itself† (Kant, 1). Humanity is very much determined by strive for excellence in order to obtain the ultimate good. Kant’s hypothetical imperative stresses how indications and determination for the result are the goal for people to act. Juxtaposing with the ideals of the categorical imperative the latter is motivated by the result rather than acting from duty. Acting in such a way that ones actions can become a universal law is what I consider the road to happiness. It is not primarily doing good to oneself in order obtain a desired result. Doing good to others and treating these as means rather than ends is what I define as true happiness. Goodwill will â€Å"needn’t be the sole and complete good, but it must be the condition of all others, even of the desire for happiness† (Kant, 1). So we have to develop the concept of goodwill that is determined and esteemed as good in it without regard to anything else, judging the total worth of the actions we commit and with the entirety depending on it searching for the unconditional good. How to cite Kant Metaphysics, Papers

Looking for Alaska free essay sample

This quote matches the theme because the book is very philosophical written, and Alaska gives many thoughts to life and death. The quote is a foreshadowing and tells a lot about the future incident. In this book Miles Halter is the narrator. The book is written from his point of view, and it takes statement in his thoughts, which only gives Miles’ posture of things. But at the same time it invites the reader to get in touch with Miles. It makes you feel pity for Miles, and in that way you really understand how he feels. The way that John Green has divided the book in â€Å"before† and â€Å"after†, builds up the excitement. There is a â€Å"count down† to the plot which tells that something big is going to happen – something that is going to change everything. At the beginning, the story takes place at Miles’ home in Florida(p. This story‘s about a teenage boy who is wrapped around a girl’s finger who he’d do anything for, even if it means it’s a requited love. Once Pudge knew he was in love with Alaska he did everything and anything to impress her. Since Alaska herself smokes and drinks, Pudge started drinking and smoking which he never did after he met her. Pudge came to find out that Alaska has a boyfriend but that clearly didn’t stop her from kissing him when they were both drunken playing truth and dare. Even though Pudge never had a history with trouble making he was desperate to be popular and feel like he belonged. This made him get out of his comfort zone and do things he had never done before. Pudge was taking risks and playing pranks on the school’s principle with the Colonel, Takumi, Alaska and Lara. Since Alaska was the type that was careless and risky he thought that this would be another opportunity for him to get her attention. The Colonel was Pudge’s roommate and Takumi was Colonel’s and Alaska’s close friend which Pudge gets to know throughout the story. Lara was Alaska’s friend who dated Pudge for 2 days. Mostly everything in the story happened at the Cluver Creek Boarding School at night which made everything more dramatic and interesting. The theme in this story is the theory that young people find themselves invincible. Pudge and his friends certainly discover that death can interrupt anyone’s life and arrive in a ‘POOF’. Alaska is unable to get over her past and move on with her life. Instead she smokes and drinks and drives off too fast until she self-destructs. She feels like she has nothing to live for,â€Å"Ya’ll smoke for fun of it, I smoke to die†. When Pudge and the Colonel find out about Alaska driving off drunk that night they blame themselves for not stopping her and were stuck in this state of guilt. Day and night for one hundred twenty- two days Pudge and his friends really try to discover if she killed herself or if this was a complete accident. By moving on about Alaska’s death this allowed Pudge to see a glimpse of his great perhaps and really change who he is. The song ‘’ Let Her Go† relates to the situation because Pudge finally at the end decides to let go of Alaska and move on with his life and see what his life holds onto. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=PrGq-pSvZg8. Pudge gives his all to impress Alaska, and throughout the story Pudge describes how he loves her perfect imperfections so the song â€Å"All of Me† is relative to this event. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=518WB1IcjPI. I give this story 5/5 because I enjoyed reading it. It was pretty emotional for me because Alaska’s death really is a kill to the story and that’s what really makes this book so good and interesting. It’s not like other books where they all live happily ever after. It gives a taste to it. Teenagers that enjoy reading stories that don’t have a satisfying ending will consider this book as one of their favorites. One of my favorite book genres is realistic fiction. This might be one of the reasons I enjoyed reading Looking for Alaska by John Green so much. I think maybe I loved it because it is so well written and the dialogue and characters are very believable. Just a little note from what I’ve learned from this story is that, if you’re feeling something and you are 100% sure of your feelings go out there and say it. If you don’t, then it might be too late and you will regret it. You don’t want to regret anything it will affect in you in a way later on or at the moment.

Life Gone By Essays - Kidnapping Of Jaycee Dugard,

Life Gone By Jaycee Dugard the child (born on May 3, 1980) who was kidnapped more than twenty years ago at the age of 11and her story shocked the whole society in the United States of America. Hence she was kidnapped right near her home, in particular in South Lake Tahoe nobody could reveal the place where she was hidden for several years. The only witness in this story was her step-father who even tried his best to bring her back through immediate actions taken but everything went in vain. All policemen were searching her for long time and no news were heard. Finally no one could find her. The years passed and nobody was thinking that it could be possible to disclose this investigation when one of the kidnappers Phillip Garrido was suspected while distributing the fliers regarding his new church near the campus in Berkeley. He was accompanied by his wife and two daughters. He was told to register his church by the campus security officers and this fact served as the point of departure in Dugards almost forgotten case. As it occurred this person had some criminal records and in addition to that his parole agent was asked to approach them. According to his statement there were no kids in Garridos family. This was suspicious which caused their arrest in 2009 and they were found guilty in committing the following crimes: rape and unlawful deprivation of liberty. As it appeared Jaycee Dugard was detained for more than 18 years without any contact with the rest of the world. She gave birth to two kids (being 14 years old she gave birth to her first child while a year later to her other child), daughters from the kidnapper Phillip Garrido. After several years of illegal detention she returned back to her home. As a result the victim was in depression, scared and felt loneliness. From the very beginning of being kidnapped she was told a number of lies that her family did not love her and she was left alone. This all caused emotional difficulties and it took time for her to describe all the feelings in various media resources. She made decision to write about her life in detention. Accordingly she published a book called A Stolen Life which attracted lots of readers as it was based on a real story, the story told by the victim itself. It is worth to mention that Jaycee Dugard could manage to continue living without fear as an ordinary citizen and feel the happiness, reunite with her family and her daughters.

Who Am I Essay For NPPL Sample?

Who Am I Essay For NPPL Sample?Who Am I Essay for NPPL Sample? - This is a very common question asked in this regard. As you get your desired skills and experience from the different classes, the authors of these are trying to see what are the things that will help you with the employment opportunities. So to answer your question clearly, yes, you can submit your resume and writing as an essay for online literature class.But still, it will be very difficult to fit in your essay as an essay for a writing class. This is because a student will have a lot of questions. In the beginning, it will be very hard to find out who they are. The college exam will be tough because there will be a lot of tests and you will have to concentrate on these. This will be very beneficial for you, since it will keep you focused.To help you figure out who am I Essay for NPPL Sample, I will give you some tips. First, take a look at the writing test for online literature class. You will find that if you are a ble to focus on the test, you will be able to see the topic through the essay questions.The next thing you can do is to get a number of examples from your own personal statement. You can also ask the teacher for this. If the teacher will not provide any examples, then you can always use your own examples and add some text to make it more authentic.Also, try to focus on the specific subject of the essay and write a general summary. This will give you more emphasis in your essay and will give more specific and short topics.As the last tip, itwill be very important for you to have strong writing skills. I recommend that you use proper grammar and punctuation. If you use some grammar forms in your writing, it will be hard for your essay to contain meaning.With these tips, who am I Essay for NPPL Sample, you will surely be able to find the answers to the question of 'Who Am I.' Good luck in this challenging and exciting class.

Chapter 1- Kinematics Regents Physics Essays (314 words) - Length

Chapter 1- Kinematics Regents Physics Essays (314 words) - Length Chapter 1- Kinematics Regents Physics One-Dimensional Motion 1. DISTANCE Distance is the total length of a path that an object travels. Distance is a scalar quantity which means it only has magnitude. Therefore, if a problem tells you direction and asks for distance, disregard the directions. For example: Jenny walks 30 meters north, 40 meters south, and 20 meters north. Determine the distance travelled by Jenny. A jet takes off from Florida and flies 100 miles north and then 400 miles west. Determine the total distance travelled by the jet. A speed boat takes off 400 feet to the north and then travels 600 feet back to the south. Determine the distance travelled by the boat. 2. DISPLACEMENT On the other hand, displacement is the change in the position of an object described by a vector that begins at the initial position of the object and ends at its final position (shortest way from start point to finish). Displacement has both magnitude and direction. Therefore, if a problem asks for displacement , both magnitude and direction must be taken into account. 115252569850 For example: Jenny walks 30 meters north, 40 meters south, and 20 meters north. Determine the dis placement travelled by Jenny. The Port Jefferson ferry travels 20 miles north to Connecticut and then 20 miles south to Long Island. What is the displacement of the ferry? Many displacement problems will require the use of the Pythagorean Theorem. For example: An airplane travels 400 meters north and then 300 meters east. Determine the displacement of the airplane. (Picture may help!) The ci ty bus travels 5 blocks east, 7 blocks south, and then 2 blocks west. Determine the displacement of the bus. ( Draw a p icture!!!)

Areitos Ancient Caribbean Taino Ceremonies

Areitos Ancient Caribbean Taino Ceremonies Areito also spelled areyto (plural areitos) is what the Spanish conquistadors called an important ceremony composed and performed by and for the Taà ­no people of the Caribbean. An areito was a bailar candanto or sung dance, an intoxicating blend of dance, music and poetry, and it played a significant role in Taà ­no social, political, and religious life. According to 15th and early 16th-century Spanish chroniclers, areitos were performed in the main plaza of a village, or in the area in front of the chief’s house. In some cases, the plazas were specifically configured for use as dancing grounds, with their edges defined by earthen embankments or by a series of standing stones. The stones and embankments were often decorated with carved images of zemis, mythological beings or noble ancestors of the Taà ­no. The Role of Spanish Chroniclers Almost all of our information concerning the early Taà ­no ceremonies comes from the reports of Spanish chroniclers, who first witnessed areitos when Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola. Areito ceremonies confused the Spanish because they were performative art that reminded the Spanish of (oh no!) their own ballad-narrative tradition called romances. For example, the conquistador Gonzalo Fernandez de Ovideo drew a direct comparison between the areitos good and noble way of recording past and ancient events and those of his Spanish homeland, leading him to argue that his Christian readers should not count the areitos as evidence of Native American savagery. The American anthropologist Donald Thompson (1993) has argued that the recognition of artistic similarities between the Taà ­no areito and Spanish romances led to the obliteration of detailed descriptions of song-dance ceremonies found throughout Central and South America. Bernadino de Sahagun used the term to refer to communal singing and dancing among the Aztecs; in fact, most historical narratives in the Aztec language were sung by groups and usually accompanied by dancing. Thompson (1993) counsels us to be very cautious about much that has been written about the areitos, for this exact reason: that the Spanish recognized conflated all kinds of rituals containing song and dance into the term areito. What was an Areito? The conquistadors described areitos as rituals, celebrations, narrative stories, work songs, teaching songs, funeral observances, social dances, fertility rites, and/or drunken parties. Thompson (1993) believes that the Spanish undoubtedly witnessed all of those things, but the word areito may well have simply meant group or activity in Arawakan (the Taino language). It was the Spanish who used it to categorize all kinds of dancing and singing events. The chroniclers used the word to mean chants, songs or poems, sometimes sung dances, sometimes poem-songs. The Cuban ethnomusicologist Fernando Ortiz Fernandez described areitos as the greatest musical artistic expression and poetic of the Antilles Indians, a conjunto (gathering) of music, song, dance and pantomime, applied to religious liturgies, magical rites and the epic narrations of the tribal histories and the great expressions of collective will. Songs of Resistance: The Areito de Anacaona Eventually, despite their admiration for the ceremonies, the Spanish stamped out the areito, replacing it with sacred church liturgies. One reason for this may have been the association of areitos with resistance. The Areito de Anacaona is a 19th-century song-poem written by Cuban composer Antonio Bachiller y Morales and dedicated to Anacaona (Golden Flower), a legendary Taà ­no female chief (cacica) [~1474-1503] who ruled the community of Xaragua (now Port-au-Prince) when Columbus made landfall. Anacaona was married to Caonabo, cacique of the neighboring kingdom of Maguana; her brother Behechio ruled Xaragua first but when he died, Anacaona seized power. She then led native revolts against the Spanish with whom she had previously established trade agreements. She was hung in 1503 at the order of Nicolas de Ovando [1460-1511], the first Spanish governor of the New World. Anacaona and 300 of her serving maidens performed an areito in 1494, to announce when Spanish forces led by Bartolome Colon met with Bechechio. We dont know what her song was about, but according to Fray Bartolome de las Casas, some of the songs in Nicaragua and Honduras were songs of explicit resistance, singing about how wonderful their lives had been before the arrival of the Spanish, and the amazing ability and cruelty of Spanish horses, men, and dogs. Variations According to the Spanish, there was lots of variety in the areitos. The dances varied a great deal: some were step-patterns that move along a specific pathway; some used walking patterns that went no more than a step or two in either direction; some wed recognize today as line dances; and some were led by a guide or dance master of either sex, who would use a call and response pattern of song and steps wed recognize from modern country dancing. The areito leader established the steps, words, rhythm, energy, tone, and pitch of a dance sequence, based on ancient clearly choreographed steps but continually evolving, with new adaptations and additions to accommodate new compositions. Instruments Instruments used at areitos in Central America included flutes and drums, and sleigh bell-like rattles made of wood containing small stones, something like maracas and called by the Spanish cascabels). Hawkbells were a trade item brought by the Spanish to trade with the locals, and according to the reports, the Taino liked them because they were louder and shinier than their versions. There were also drums of various sorts, and flutes and tinklers tied to clothing that added noise and movement. Father Ramà ³n Panà ©, who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, described an instrument used at an areito called the mayouhauva or maiohauau. This was made of wood and hollow, measuring about a meter (3.5 ft) long and half as wide. Panà © said that the end that was played had the shape of a blacksmiths tongs, and the other end was like a club. No researcher or historian has since been able to even imagine what that looked like. Sources Atkinson L-G. 2006. The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taino. Kingston, Jamaica: University of West Indies Press.Leà ³n T. 2016. Polyrhythmia in the Music of Cuba. Polyrhythmia in the Music of Cuba. Diagonal: An Ibero-American Music Review 1(2).Saunders NJ. 2005. The Peoples of the Caribbean. An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.Scolieri PA. 2013. On the Areito: Discovering Dance in the New World. Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest. University of Texas Press: Austin. p 24-43.Simmons ML. 1960. Pre-Conquest Narrative Songs in Spanish America. The Journal of American Folklore 73(288):103-111.Thompson D. 1983. Music Research in Puerto Rico. College Music Symposium 23(1):81-96.Thompson D. 1993. The Cronistas de Indias Revisited: Historical Reports, Archeological Evidence, and Literary and Artistic Traces of Indigenous Music and Dance in the Greater Antilles at the Time of th e Conquista. Latin American Music Review / Revista de Mà ºsica Latinoamericana 14(2):181-201. Wilson SC. 2007. The Archaeology of the Caribbean. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Property Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Property Management - Research Paper Example Property Management is a hot topic among modern real estate managers who are entrusted with the profitable care of any residential, commercial or industrial real estate in most modern cities and states around the world. Since the 1800's, effective and professional Property Management has been in demand, with the arrival of steel-frame buildings and elevators, the proliferation of the suburbs and the explosion of large real estate property-investment institutions that specifically aim to build more urban dwellings and infrastructure for the purpose of generating profits from real estate as an enterprise (Kyle et al, 3). With the advent of large urban commercial and industrial complexes, Corporate Property Management took its imposing place in the real property management scene while big government similarly responded with equally imposing bureaus intended to regulate the residential settlements and commercial complexes, with their sophisticated modeling schemes for simulating the growth, and implementing land audits that help dictate the land values of zoned areas in vast metropolises while placing various zonal restrictions aimed at efficiently harmonizing the explosion of mega-cities and the suburban sprawl. Sophisticated corporate... Sophisticated corporate strategies, financial instruments and computer based management information systems and property management-outsourcing which underlay the development of modern property management have been around for quite some time already, with much of their contribution to the practice of real estate property development, still evident in today's real estate property values that have been arrived at through the methods and practices advanced by modern-day property managers. However sophisticated this industry may now seem, Property Management began as the very basic practice of ensuring a property's maximum value (in terms of financial worth or appraisal) while expending the least amount of resources (financial or otherwise) for its upkeep and development. It involves the simple concepts of ensuring the maximum "value for money" on the part of the occupier and maximum profit on the part of the owner. It has been the property manager's job to make sure that the owner's best interests are sufficiently advanced while satisfying the requirements of the tenants. Property Management, as practiced by the State, by private corporations or by common individuals have remained fundamentally unchanged over the 19th century, that is to say that its objectives of profitability and operational efficiency remained the same, until the late 20th century wherein the real property market environment had undergone sweeping changes such that the management of a certain property, be it residential, commercial, industrial, mixed-use or special-purpose, has become a major discipline requiring an interdisciplinary approach that involves an intricate network of whole government bureaucracies and corporate divisions that

The Power of the Mamluks and Il-Khanates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Power of the Mamluks and Il-Khanates - Essay Example The Il-Khanates, on the other hand, achieved power by giving their subordination to the main Kahn, Kublai, and the main empire, thus ensuring the support of a successful ally. Because they were originally not a Muslim culture, they were often attacked by the Islamic states surrounding them. Eventually, after the converted to Islam, they were able to solidify their faith and gain acceptance. Thus, both clans were able to earn power through their religion, although through different means. It's important to revisit the development of these two empires in order to see how their power bases were increased by their acceptance into Islam. First, it is important to revisit the original Mongol invasions. Something different happened after the Mongols had invaded a few Islamic empires; eventually, the Mongols were to become Muslim themselves. This was to play an important role in the development of Islam within the Il-Khanate. The invasions of Central Asia and Russia by the Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde did not have the negative impacts on the native Islamic faith that the Mongol invasion of Iraq and Persia both had. Even though the Mongols defeated the Islamic states, the Muslim faith did prevail, and the Mongols themselves, although the invaders, did, for the most part, convert to Islam. However, the Mongol conquering of Islam's heartland did result in some major changes for the religion. By conquering and disemboweling the current Islamic dynasties, the Mongols in stilled new ones, thus setting a new era for the religion. This new era would allow both the Il-Khans and the Mamluk to achieve power through Islam, although this power would not be implemented until a little later in history. In order to understand how this process came about, it is important to revisit the history regarding the Mongol conquering of Islam. The fighting in Asia began in the 13th century with Genghis Khan, who raided Persia and conquered several cities up until his death. By 1237, the Mongols were outside of Bagdhad, the center of the Abbasid caliphate. When the Great Kahn Mongke was elected in 1251, the decision to attack the Abbasid caliphate was formed. Mongke did not like that Islamic people worshipped a man who they seemed to view as even above the Khan. Thus, the Mongols attacked the capital, and came out victorious (Nichoole 82). Then, Mongke gave instructions to attack the caliphate only if it decided not to surrender. Of course, the caliphate did not, and they were largely unprepared to do battle with fighters as whorled-renowned as the Mongols. They had a large force, but were not as well trained as the Mongols. Another problem that emerged in the Islamic faction was the age-old battle between Sunni and Shiite, and the fact that the caliphate was a Sunni meant that many Shiites went over to the Mongol side, thinking they would regain power if they did saw. Also, many Christians joined the side of the Mongols, seeing the Mongols as possible saviors from the fate of Islam. Some of the Mongol army was, in fact, Christian, so this is perhaps one of the reasons why they were able to gather so much support. Many Mongol soldiers were careful not to destroy Christian churches and symbols, and this fact endeared the army to the

Effects That Caffeine Consumption

Effects That Caffeine Consumption Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the United States (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Regular coffee drinkers consume an average of 200-500mg of caffeine per day (Julien, 2005). Caffeine is found in a broad variety of sources including coffee, tea, energy drinks, chocolate and some over the counter medications (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Upon consumption, caffeine reaches peak plasma levels in 30-75 minutes and has a half life of 3-7 hours when consumed in a single dose (Roehrs Roth, 2008). When consumed in greater quantities, the half life is extended (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeines high rate of consumption may be due to the desirable effects it produces, such as increase mental alertness, improved flow of thought and of course, feelings of wakefulness (Julien, 2005). Caffeine is not without its undesirable effects; caffeine consumption may have a negative effect on tasks which require fine motor skills, complex arithmetic skills, or precise timing (Julien, 2005). Structurally, caffeine is similar to adenosine. In the brain, adenosine decreases neural firings and inhibits neurotransmitter release (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeine works as an adenosine antagonist; blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. As a consequence, caffeine prevents adenosine from decreasing neural firings, leading to an increase in firings, and the stimulant effects caffeine is well known for (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeines blocking of adenosine receptors leads to dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, causing caffeines alerting effects (Julien, 2005). While discontinuation of caffeine consumption may produce withdrawal symptoms, caffeine does not influence the dopaminergic structures associated with rewards and addiction (Julien, 2005). Typical withdrawal symptoms include headache, drowsiness, fatigue, and negative mood (Julien, 2005). It is often difficult to estimate the amount of caffeine a person consumes due to great variability in the amount of caffeine per beverage (particularly coffee), exclusion of new caffeinated products on questionnaires, and variation in consumption from day to day. It is also difficult to compare results between studies due to a great amount of variation in methods of measuring caffeine consumption levels (Shohet Landrum, 2001). A study by Shohet Landrum (2001) of undergraduate university students implemented the use of an updated version of the caffeine consumption questionnaire as well as looking at chronotype and age. The caffeine Consumption questionnaire decreases a great deal of inaccuracy of caffeine consumption measurement. Shohet Landrum (2001) found that the average participant in the study consumed 1597.6mg/week. They also found that level of caffeine consumption is positively correlated with age. It was speculated that this increase may be an effort to compensate for de creased metabolism and subsequent decrease in energy (Shohet Landrum, 2001). In the same study, there was no significant difference in caffeine consumption between males and females (Shohet Landrum, 2001). Caffeine consumption in the evening was higher among older people, who tended to be morning-types (Shohet Landrum, 2001). The effects that caffeine consumption has on sleep are vast. Orbeta, Overpeck, Ramcharrin, Kogan Ledski (2006) found in a study of American high school students that those who reported a high rate of caffeine consumption also reported more difficulty falling asleep and felt more tired in the morning. In a number of studies, caffeine administration in varying amounts significantly reduced total sleep time and increased sleep onset latency (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Some studies also found a reduction in percentage of slow wave sleep after caffeine administration (Roehrs Roth, 2008). In a study where caffeine was administered prior to sleep, EEG spectral power density was reduced in the .75 4.5 Hz band. In a parallel study, men were administered 200 mg of caffeine upon waking (07:00 h) still experienced a reduction in EEG spectral power density in the .75 4.5 Hz range in the subsequent night sleep (Landolt, Werth, Borbely, Dijk, 1995). In this same study, total sleep time and sleep eff iciency were reduced following caffeine administration in the morning. Power density was reduced in the .25 .5 Hz range, and enhanced in the 11.25 12.00 Hz and 13.25-14.00 Hz ranges for NREM sleep (Landolt et al., 1995). Though a single 200 mg dose of caffeine in the morning clearly influences sleep propensity and power density of the EEG in the subsequent sleep episode, there was no deterioration in subjective sleep quality, and there is not a severe disruption of sleep continuity (Landolt et al., 1995). In contrast, a study by Sanchez-Ortuno, Moore, Taillard, Valtat, Leger, Damien, Bioulac, and Philip (2005) found that up to eight cups of coffee consumed by regular coffee drinkers was not associated with reduced TST. There was also no relationship found between caffeine consumption and day time sleepiness in participants consuming up to eight cups daily (Sanchez-Ortuno et al., 2005). The chronotype of an individual may be related to caffeine consumption. Chronotypes are a preference for being active during a particular time of day (Giannotti, Cortesi, Sebastiani, Ottaviano, 2002). Some individuals may be categorized as Morning-Types. Morning Types prefer to wake early in the morning, retire earlier in the evening, and are most active in the early hours of the day, where as Evening-Types prefer to rise later, and engage in activities later in the day. Others may fall somewhere between the morning-type and evening-type extreme. Daily physiological rhythms such as core body temperature, blood pressure and hormone secretions vary from one chronotype to another. Morningness and Eveningness also tend to vary with age, with older adults generally demonstrating a preference for morning activity, and younger adults a preference for evening activity (Giannotti et al., 2002). A study by Giannotti et al. (2002) of adolescents found that as they approached young adulthood, t heir circadian preference shifted more towards Eveningness. Giannotti et al. (2002) also found that Evening types tended to consume more caffeine, particularly in the morning. This may be due to forced pressure to adhere to a schedule more appropriate for those with a preference for morning activity (Giannotti et al., 2002). In a study of both men and women with different, but fixed work schedules by Ana Aden (1994) it was found that caffeine consumption increased with preference for evening. Evening types consumed more caffeine than neutral types, and neutral types consumed more caffeine than morning types. Interestingly, a large percentage of evening types were found to be caffeine abusers. 500 mg or more of caffeine per day was considered abuse (Aden, 1994). Adolescent evening types showed a more irregular sleep schedule and poorer subjective sleep quality in a study by Giannotti et al. (2002). Evening types also had higher sleep/wake behaviour scores than morning types, an indication of more sleep problems in evening types (Giannotti et al., 2002). Evening type adolescents reported consuming more sleeping pills than morning types as well as more day time sleepiness (Gianotti et al., 2002). Evening types had a greater tendency to fall asleep at school, and attention problems as well (Giannotti et al., 2002). An increase in the accessability of technology like computers, internet, television, and MP3 players may also impact caffeine consumption as well as sleep. A study by Calamaro, Mason, Radcliffe (2009) found that adolescents with higher scores on the multi-tasking index also reported higher caffeine intake, increase daytime sleepiness, increased incidents of falling asleep at school, and decreased total sleep time. Only 20% of the teenagers in this study received the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep for their age (Calamaro et al., 2009). 33% reported falling asleep at school on a regular basis, and 37% and 42% take naps on school days and weekends respectively (Calamaro et al., 2009). Clearly there is a great deal of interaction between caffeine consumption and chronotype. There is also apparent interaction between caffeine consumption and sleep quality. Chronotype had an influence on sleep quality in adolescents, There is also a relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep quality and multi-tasking/technology use. The present study aimed to examine the interrelationship between these variables in a group of university students. It was hypothesized that students who reported higher caffeine consumption would report lower subjective sleep quality. This relationship would be demonstrated by a significant positive correlation between level of caffeine consumption determined by Caffeine Consumption Questionairre (mg/week) (Modified from Landrum, 1992) and score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality) (Buysse et al., 1989). It was also predicted that students who were evening-types would consume a greater amount of c affeine than morning-type students. This would be demonstrated by a significant negative correlation between Morningness-Eveningness Questionairre (a lower score indicates a preference for eveningness) (Horne stberg, 1976) and daily caffeine consumption (mg/week) . Next, it was predicted that evening types would experience more subjective sleep problems than morning types. More specifically, there would be a significant negative relationship between scores on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score. The fourth prediction was that students who scored higher on the Nighttime Activities (Multi-tasking) Index would also consume a greater amount of caffeine. Specifically, there would be a positive relationship between Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire score and Nighttime Activities (Multi-Tasking) Index score. Finally, we predicted that students who were evening-types would use more technology between 21:00 and 06:00. This would be indicated b y a significant negative relationship between Morningness-Eveningness score and Nighttime Activities (Multi-Tasking) Index score. Method Participants Participants in this study were 49 undergraduate students enrolled in a Sleep and Arousal course and Trent University. Student age ranged from 20-31 years. Mean age of participants was 22.12 years (SD 2.26). 9 males and 39 females participated in this study. Materials Materials used were 4 established questionairres. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionairre (Horne stberg, 1976) was used to determine an individuals chronotype (preferred or peak time of day (morning, evening or neutral)). Scores range from 16-86. Questionnaires were scored as follows: (16-30) Definitely Evening, (31-41) Moderately Evening, (42-58) Neutral, (59-69) Moderately Morning, (70-86) Definitely Morning. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to measure students overall sleep quality (Buysse et al. 1989). Scores range from 0-21, with lower scores indicating better sleep quality. A modified version of the Caffeine Consumption Questionairre (Landrum, 1992) was used to estimate weekly caffeine consumption in students. Participants indicate how much caffeine they consume in the morning, afternoon, evening, and night time. Students also indicate the source of caffeine (small coffee, medium tea, soft drink, large coffee). The caffeine content of each type and size of drink was determined by Calamaro et al. (2009) and Roehrs and Roth (2008). Finally, the Night-Time Activities Questionnaire, modified from Calamaro et al. (2009) was used to measure the amount of time students spent doing various technology based activities in the evening (9:00pm 6:00am). Activities such as watching television, and using the computer were included). A multi-tasking index was then created by adding the total hours of time spent on all tasks and dividing this number by 9 (the total hours between 9:00 pm and 6:00 am). A student who engages in 9 hours of activity in that 9 hour period would receive a score of 1.0 (A score greater than 1 is possible, for example, if a student was listening to music and using the computer at the same time). Procedure Participants filled out all four questionnaires during a scheduled lecture period. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index were scored by students after completion, while the other two questionnaires were scored by the instructor. Results Caffeine Consumption Questionairre The mean level of caffeine consumption in milligrams per week for the morning (06:00 12:00) period was 685.63 (SD = 1032.21). Mean afternoon (12:00 18:00) period caffeine consumption was 394.90 (SD = 554.39). The mean level of evening (18:00 02:00) period caffeine consumption in these university students was 320.49 (SD = 355.48) and mean night time (02:00 06:00) caffeine consumption was 24.84 (SD = 64.49) milligrams per week. Mean caffeine consumption total in milligrams per week was 1425.86 (SD = 1737.82). These results were similar to results found by Shohet et al. in that the greatest amount of caffeine was being consumed in the morning time. There was a slightly lower level of total caffeine consumption in our study compared to the results found by Shohet et al., with a difference of 171.74 mg/week between the two studies. This amount is equivalent to about 1 cup of coffee. (MORE COMPARISON BETWEEN OURS AND SHOHET..SEE TABLE 2 IN PAPER AT BATA) The mean source of the caffeine consumed weekly in milligrams was 974.69 (SD = 1713.09) for coffee, 270.12 (SD = 338.18) for tea, 99.24 (SD = 163.39) for soft drinks, 45.06 (SD = 127.23) for energy drinks, and 36.73 (SD = 74.44) for hot chocolate. The vast majority of caffeine consumed weekly by these university students was via coffee while very little caffeine was consumed in hot chocolate. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) The mean MEQ score was 43.59 (SD = 12.25). Scores ranged from 24 to 69. 16.33% of participants were Definitely-Evening (n= 8), 34.69% were Moderately-Evening (n=17), 36.73% were Neutral (n=18) and 12.24% were Moderately-Morning. None of the participants were Definitely-Morning types. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Each subscale of the PSQI has a possible score of 0-3. The mean Subjective Sleep Quality score was 1.37 (SD = 0.83). The mean Sleep Onset Latency score was 1.84 (SD = 1.01). The mean Sleep Duration score was 0.78 (SD = 0.82). The mean Habitual Sleep Efficiency score was 0.69 (SD = 0.98). The mean Sleep Disturbances score was 1.55 (SD = 1.14). The mean Use of Sleeping Medication was 0.37 (SD = 0.83), and the mean Daytime Dysfunction score was 1.35 (SD = 0.83). The mean total score on the PSQI was 7.78 (SD = 3.93). According to Buysse et al. (1988), a score greater than 5 indicates that someone is a poor sleeper. The mean score of our participants was within the range of abnormal. The greatest amount of sleep disturbance came from high sleep onset latency, while the least disruptive factor was reliance on the use of sleep medications. Night-Time Activities Questionnaire (NTAQ) The mean data for the activities included on the NTAQ are included in figure 1. The mean multi-tasking index of these night time activities is 0.60 (SD = 0.29). The range of multi-tasking index scores was 0.12 1.39. A score of 0.60 means that the participant was doing some combination of the activities on the NTAQ for 5.40 hours. (0.60 x 9 hours = 5.40) of the 9 hour sleep period. In the case of the score of 1.39, the participant was engaging in an activity on the NTIQ for 12.51 hours. Since the measured period is only 9 hours, this participant was engaging in more than one activity at a time, for example, listening to MP3 player and online computer use. Results of Correlation Analysis There was a significant negative correlation between MEQ and Multi-Tasking Index. Morning types tended to have lower Multi-Tasking Index scores than Evening types, r = -.32, p Table 1 Correlations found between Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Multi-tasking Index, and Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire. . Â ­_ MEQ PSQI Multi-Tasking . MEQ score -.16 -.32* PSQI score .03 Caffeine Consumption Coffee -.06 .31* -.06 Tea .20 -.20 -.08 Hot Chocolate .13 -.18 .08 Soft Drinks -.30* .02 .08 Energy Drinks -.14 .20 .07 . Total Caffeine -.06 .25 .01 . * p Discussion We predicted that participants who consumed a greater level of caffeine would have higher scores, indicating poorer sleep quality, on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Although total caffeine consumption level failed to predict a higher sleep quality score, there was a significant negative correlation between level of coffee consumption and PSQI. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire Score was predicted to negatively correlate with score on the Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire. Total caffeine consumption did not significantly correlate with MEQ score. Level of caffeinated soft drink consumption did significantly correlate with MEQ with evening types consuming greater amounts of caffeinated soft drinks than morning-types. It was predicted that evening types would report more sleep problems via the PSQI. This correlation failed to reach significance in our analysis. There is no significant difference between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in evening-types from morning-types. We predicted that students who scored higher on the Nighttime Activities (Multi-tasking) Index would also consume a greater amount of caffeine. The analysis revealed no significant relationship between these variables. Our final prediction was that evening-types would engage in a greater level of technology use in the evening, as indicated by a significant negative relationship between MEQ score and Multi-Tasking Index. There was a significant relationship between MEQ and Multi-Tasking Index. Evening types did tend to engage in more activities involving technology between the hours of 2100 and 0600 than morning-types, as predicted. Using The Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a measure, consumption of higher levels of caffeine did not did predict poorer sleep quality. Although several studies found that caffeine consumption increased sleep onset latency, decreased total sleep time and increased daytime sleepiness, we did not find that high levels of total caffeine consumption predicted a significantly poorer sleep quality score (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Although total caffeine consumption and PSQI were not correlated, caffeinated coffee consumption did predict a poorer sleep quality score. This contrasts findings by Sanchez-Ortunga et al. (2005) in which up to eight cups of coffee consumed by regular coffee drinkers did not result in a significantly lower TST. Although it should be taken into consideration that TST is only one component of the PSQI. Contrary to our findings, Gianotti et al. (2002) found that Evening-types tended to consume a greater amount of caffeine than morning types. Ana Aden (1994) also found that daily caffeine consumption increased as preference for evening activity increased. Although these results contrast our findings, we did find a slight but significant relationship between consumption of caffeinated soft drinks and preference for evening. Gianotti et al. (2002) also found that evening-type adolescents reported poorer subjective sleep quality than morning types. These evening-type adolescents also showed a more irregular sleep schedule. Evening types showed greater daytime sleepiness, increased frequency of falling asleep during the day, and other indications of poor sleep quality (Gianotti et al., 2002). Contrary to these findings, we found no relationship between PSQI score and chronotype. Although Calamero et al. (2009) found that those reporting an increased multi-tasking index score also consumed greater amounts of caffeine, we found no relationship between the two. We did, however, find a significant relationship between chronotype and multi-tasking index. Evening types tended to engage in more technologically based activities between 2100 and 0600. There was no previous research available examining the relationship between chronotype and Night-time Activities/Multi-tasking Index. This may be a possible area of further investigation. One limitation of this study is the lack of diversity in the sample. The participants were a relatively small group of undergraduate psychology students between the age of 20-31. The small sample size may have made it difficult for trends in the data to reach significant levels. Also, chronotype and caffeine consumption have been shown to change over the lifetime, however, we were able to examine only a small window of young adulthood, leaving little opportunity for drastic variations. Also, being students, many of these participants may have schedules which vary drastically from day to day, as well as an increased frequency of engaging in late night activities with peers. These behaviours may have a confounding influence on many sleep variables. Thus, these findings may not be generalized to the population. Re-examining the same material with a larger and more diverse sample may yield more helpful results. This would be fairly simple to do since the questionnaires may be filled out with little guidance or instruction, and simply be distributed and returned by post or electronically administered. Another limitation is that the entire data collection procedure relied completely on student self-reports. The accuracy of these self-evaluations of sleep quality, sleep latency, and level of caffeine consumption may not have been accurate. Some questionnaires were also self scored, leaving open the opportunity for error in calculations. Although much of our analysis of caffeine consumptions effect on sleep quality failed to reach statistical significance, the trends in the data indicate that caffeine does likely detrimentally influence sleep quality. As previous research has shown, the impact caffeine may have on daytime functioning and sleep may be greater than many people realize. Caffeine consumption may be leading to a poorer nights sleep, and this less recuperative sleep subsequently may lead to more caffeine consumption the following day to compensate for the caffeine disrupted sleep of the night before. One can see how this may result in a caffeine/poor sleep cycle. Another interesting finding was the correlation between chronotype and Multi-tasking index score. It would be interesting to investigate whether this relationship is due to evening-types engaging in more night-time activities in order to simply occupy the time between when they believe they should be sleeping and when they are able to sleep, or if the opportunity to occupy the mind and stave off sleep, and disrupting their natural activity time preference. Although we did not specifically make any predictions regarding Multi-tasking Index and PSQI, it is interesting to note that there was no relationship between Multi-tasking Index and PSQI. Research by Calamaro et al. (2009) found that a high Multi-tasking Index was related to sleep problems like difficulty falling asleep, decreased total sleep time and daytime sleepiness. There was no relationship between chronotype and sleep quality in our study, despite findings of a significant relationship by Gianotti et al. (2002). Although the trend in our data leaned towards a similar relationship, it did not reach significance. The difference in our findings compared to Gianotti et al. (2008) may have to do with factors unique to adolescents. In summary, there is a significant relationship between Multi tasking and chronotype, PSQI and coffee consumption level. All other comparisons failed to reach significance. The trend in the data indicate that caffeine does indeed detrimentally effect sleep quality, but the degree of influence it has remains unclear. References Adan, A. (1994). Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants. Addiction, 89(4), 455-462. Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer,D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric research and practice. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. Calamaro, C.J., Mason, T.B., Ratcliffe, S.J. (2009). Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics, 123(6), 1005-1010. 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